Insight into the evolution of the Solanaceae from the parental genomes of Petunia hybrida
Bombarely, AurelianoDepartment of Horticulture, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
Moser, MichelInstitute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Switzerland
Amrad, AvichaiInstitute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Switzerland
Bao, ManzhuHuazhong Agricultural University, China
Bapaume, LaureDepartment of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
Barry, Cornelius S.Department of Horticulture, Michigan State University, East Lansing, USA
Bliek, MattijsDepartment of Plant Development and (Epi)Genetics, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Boersma, Maaike R.Department of Plant Physiology, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Borghi, LorenzoInstitute of Plant and Microbiology, University of Zürich, Switzerland
Bruggmann, RémyInterfaculty Bioinformatics Unit, University of Bern, Switzerland
Bucher, MarcelCologne Biocenter, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), University of Cologne, Germany
D'Agostino, NunzioConsiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l’analisi dell’economia agraria, Centro di Ricerca per l’Orticoltura (CREA-ORT), Pontecagnano (Sa) Italy
Davies, KevinDepartment of Breeding and Genomics, Plant and Food Research, Auckland, New Zealand
Druege, UweDepartment of Plant Propagation, Leibniz Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops (IGZ), Erfurt, Germany
Dudareva, NataliaDepartment of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana USA
Egea-Cortines, MarcosInstituto de Biotecnología Vegetal, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Spain
Delledonne, MassimoDipartimento di Biotecnologie, Universita degli Studi di Verona, Italy
Fernandez-Pozo, NoeBoyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, New York, USA
Franken, PhilippDepartment of Plant Propagation, Leibniz Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops (IGZ), Erfurt, Germany
Grandont, LaurieBiosystematics Group, Wageningen University and Research Center, Wageningen, The Netherlands
Heslop-Harrison, J. S.Department of Genetics, University of Leicester, University Road, UK
Hintzsche, JenniferDepartment of Biological Sciences, Northern Illinois University, USA
Johns, MitrickDepartment of Biological Sciences, Northern Illinois University, USA
Koes, RonaldDepartment of Plant Development and (Epi)Genetics, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Lv, XiaodanBeijing Genomics Institute, Shenzhen, China
Lyons, EricSchool of Plant Sciences, iPlant Collaborative, University of Arizona, Tucson, USA
Malla, DiwaDepartment of Biological Sciences, Northern Illinois University, USA
Martinoia, EnricoInstitute of Plant and Microbiology, University of Zürich, Switzerland
Mattson, Neil S.School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
Morel, PatriceLaboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes (RDP), ENS de Lyon/CNRS/INRA/UCBL, Lyon, France
Mueller, Lukas A.Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, New York, USA
Muhlemann, JoëlleDepartment of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana USA
Nouri, EvaDepartment of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
Passeri, ValentinaDepartment of Plant Development and (Epi)Genetics, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Pezzotti, MarioDipartimento di Biotecnologie, Universita degli Studi di Verona, Italy
Qi, QinzhouDepartment of Biological Sciences, Northern Illinois University, USA
Reinhardt, DidierDepartment of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
Rich, MelanieDepartment of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
Richert-Pöggeler, Katja R.Institute for Epidemiology and Pathogen Diagnostics, Julius Kühn-Institut (JKI), Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Braunschweig, Germany
Robbins, Tim P.Department of Crop and Plant Sciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire, UK
Schatz, Michael C.Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724, USA
Schranz, M. EricBiosystematics Group, Wageningen University and Research Center, Wageningen, The Netherlands
Schuurink, Robert C.Department of Plant Physiology, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Schwarzacher, TrudeDepartment of Genetics, University of Leicester, University Road, UK
Spelt, KeesDepartment of Plant Development and (Epi)Genetics, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Tang, HaibaoSchool of Plant Sciences, iPlant Collaborative, University of Arizona, Tucson, USA
Urbanus, Susan L.Department of Plant Development and (Epi)Genetics, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Vandenbussche, MichielLaboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes (RDP), ENS de Lyon/CNRS/INRA/UCBL, Lyon, France
Vijverberg, KittyRadboud University, FNWI, IWWR, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
Villarino, Gonzalo H.School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
Warner, Ryan M.Department of Horticulture, Michigan State University, East Lansing, USA
Weiss, JuliaInstituto de Biotecnología Vegetal, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Spain
Yue, ZhenBeijing Genomics Institute, Shenzhen, China
Zethof, JanRadboud University, FNWI, IWWR, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
Quattrocchio, FrancescaDepartment of Plant Development and (Epi)Genetics, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Sims, Thomas L.Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Illinois University, USA
Kuhlemeier, CrisInstitute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Switzerland
English
Petunia hybrida is a popular bedding plant that has a long history as a genetic model system. We report the whole-genome sequencing and assembly of inbred derivatives of its two wild parents, P. axillaris N and P. inflata S6. The assemblies include 91.3% and 90.2% coverage of their diploid genomes (1.4 Gb; 2n = 14) containing 32,928 and 36,697 protein-coding genes, respectively. The genomes reveal that the Petunia lineage has experienced at least two rounds of hexaploidization: the older gamma event, which is shared with most Eudicots, and a more recent Solanaceae event that is shared with tomato and other solanaceous species. Transcription factors involved in the shift from bee to moth pollination reside in particularly dynamic regions of the genome, which may have been key to the remarkable diversity of floral colour patterns and pollination systems. The high-quality genome sequences will enhance the value of Petunia as a model system for research on unique biological phenomena such as small RNAs, symbiosis, self-incompatibility and circadian rhythms.