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kieseler_2026_extended_currentbiology_octopusbimaculoidescanlearntoutilizeamirrortolocalizearewardoutsidethelineofsight
Journal article

Octopus bimaculoides can learn to utilize a mirror to localize a reward outside the line of sight

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  • Kieseler, Mary ORCID Department of Psychological and Brain Science, Dartmouth College, Hanover, USA. Department of Psychology, University of Fribourg, Switzerland. Association for Cephalopod Research (CephRes), Napoli, Italy
  • Maechler, Marvin R. Department of Psychological and Brain Science, Dartmouth College, Hanover, USA
  • Finn, Kelly Department of Psychological and Brain Science, Dartmouth College, Hanover, USA
  • Harris, Carl Department of Psychological and Brain Science, Dartmouth College, Hanover, USA
  • Vincelli, Jay Michael Department of Psychological and Brain Science, Dartmouth College, Hanover, USA
  • Hoffman, Zachary Department of Psychological and Brain Science, Dartmouth College, Hanover, USA
  • Dhanoa, Navneet Department of Psychological and Brain Science, Dartmouth College, Hanover, USA
  • Fang, Jean Department of Psychological and Brain Science, Dartmouth College, Hanover, USA
  • Gies, Scott Department of Psychological and Brain Science, Dartmouth College, Hanover, USA
  • McHugh III, James Department of Psychological and Brain Science, Dartmouth College, Hanover, USA
  • Valenti, Julia Department of Psychological and Brain Science, Dartmouth College, Hanover, USA
  • Ram, Mira Department of Psychological and Brain Science, Dartmouth College, Hanover, USA
  • Fitzgerald, John O. Department of Psychological and Brain Science, Dartmouth College, Hanover, USA
  • Augusto, Madison Department of Psychological and Brain Science, Dartmouth College, Hanover, USA
  • Edelman, David Department of Psychological and Brain Science, Dartmouth College, Hanover, USA. Association for Cephalopod Research (CephRes), Napoli, Italy
  • Tse, Peter U. Department of Psychological and Brain Science, Dartmouth College, Hanover, USA
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  • 2026
Published in:
  • Current Biology. - Elsevier BV. - 2026, no. 36, p. 1-6
Octopus bimaculoides
Mirror use
Animal cognition
Comparative cognitive science
Spatial navigation
Convergent evolution
Octopus
Octopus cognition
Cephalopods
Cephalopod cognition
English Mirror-mediated localization of hidden objects is well documented in vertebrates but has never been demonstrated in invertebrates. Using mirrors to locate otherwise occluded objects is a form of mediated perception, linking a visible reflection to an occluded location and is seen by some as a precursor to self-recognition. Cephalopods offer a fascinating test case of convergent cognition, having independently evolved sophisticated perceptual and cognitive abilities that are similar to mammals, after diverging from a common ancestor over 520 million years ago. In addition, they react to mirror images as though they were conspecifics. We projected a virtual crab that was visible only via mirror reflection onto a tank wall. Three Octopus bimaculoides were trained to navigate to the projection site instead of the mirror. All three octopuses learned this task, successfully choosing the correct side in 73% of trials. Critically, octopuses sometimes moved away from the visible reflection and climbed over the side walls of the start chamber to reach visually occluded locations that were spatially aligned with the reflected prey location. This behavior suggests (1) the ability to inhibit a direct approach to salient visual stimuli, and (2) a spatial representation that integrates mirror information with knowledge of 3D tank geometry. These findings extend mirror-use capabilities to invertebrates, demonstrating that cephalopods can employ mirror reflections for spatial navigation. The independent evolution of cognitive capacities underlying mirror use across diverse taxa suggests that common solutions may have evolved to solve spatial navigation challenges.
Faculty
Faculté des lettres et des sciences humaines
Department
Département de Psychologie
Language
  • English
Classification
Psychology
License
CC BY
Open access status
hybrid
Identifiers
Persistent URL
https://folia.unifr.ch/unifr/documents/335700
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