Last phase of the Little Ice Age forced by volcanic eruptions

Brönnimann, Stefan; Franke, Jörg; Nussbaumer, Samuel U.; Zumbühl, Heinz J.; Steiner, Daniel; Trachsel, Mathias; Hegerl, Gabriele C.; Schurer, Andrew; Worni, Matthias; Malik, Abdul; Flückiger, Julian; Raible, Christoph C.

doi:10.1038/s41561-019-0402-y

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Last phase of the Little Ice Age forced by volcanic eruptions

Brönnimann, Stefan Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Switzerland - Institute of Geography, University of Bern, Switzerland
Franke, Jörg Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Switzerland - Institute of Geography, University of Bern, Switzerland
Nussbaumer, Samuel U. Department of Geography, University of Zurich, Switzerland - Department of Geosciences, University of Fribourg, Switzerland
Zumbühl, Heinz J. Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Switzerland - Institute of Geography, University of Bern, Switzerland
Steiner, Daniel Bern University of Teacher Education, Bern, Switzerland
Trachsel, Mathias Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Switzerland - Institute of Geography, University of Bern, Switzerland - Department of Geology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA - Department of Geography, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
Hegerl, Gabriele C. School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
Schurer, Andrew School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
Worni, Matthias Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Switzerland - Institute of Geography, University of Bern, Switzerland
Malik, Abdul Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Switzerland - Institute of Geography, University of Bern, Switzerland - Grantham Institute – Climate Change and the Environment, Imperial College London, UK
Flückiger, Julian Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Switzerland - Institute of Geography, University of Bern, Switzerland
Raible, Christoph C. Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Switzerland - Climate and Environmental Physics, Physics Institute, University of Bern, Switzerland

2019

Published in:

Nature Geoscience. - 2019, vol. 12, no. 8, p. 650–656

English During the first half of the nineteenth century, several large tropical volcanic eruptions occurred within less than three decades. The global climate effects of the 1815 Tambora eruption have been investigated, but those of an eruption in 1808 or 1809 whose source is unknown and the eruptions in the 1820s and 1830s have received less attention. Here we analyse the effect of the sequence of eruptions in observations, global three-dimensional climate field reconstructions and coupled climate model simulations. All the eruptions were followed by substantial drops of summer temperature over the Northern Hemisphere land areas. In addition to the direct radiative effect, which lasts 2–3 years, the simulated ocean–atmosphere heat exchange sustained cooling for several years after these eruptions, which affected the slow components of the climate system. Africa was hit by two decades of drought, global monsoons weakened and the tracks of low-pressure systems over the North Atlantic moved south. The low temperatures and increased precipitation in Europe triggered the last phase of the advance of Alpine glaciers. Only after the 1850s did the transition into the period of anthropogenic warming start. We conclude that the end of the Little Ice Age was marked by the recovery from a sequence of volcanic eruptions, which makes it difficult to define a single pre-industrial baseline.

Faculty

Faculté des sciences et de médecine

Department

Département de Géosciences

Language