Journal article
Variations in the Mineral Content of Bottled "Still" Water Across Europe: Comparison of 182 Brands Across 10 Countries.
- Stoots SJM Department of Urology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Geraghty R Department of Urology, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle, United Kingdom.
- Kamphuis GM Department of Urology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Jamnadass E Department of Urology, University Hospital Southampton NHS Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom.
- Henderickx MMEL Department of Urology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Ventimiglia E Department of Urology, Tenon Hospital, Sorbonne University, Paris, France.
- Traxer O Department of Urology, Tenon Hospital, Sorbonne University, Paris, France.
- Keller EX Department of Urology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
- DeConinck V Department of Urology, AZ Klina, Brasschaat, Belgium.
- Talso M Department of Urology, ASST Vimercate Hospital, Monza Brianza, Italy.
- Kallidonis P Department of Urology, University of Patras, Patras, Greece.
- Emiliani E Department of Urology, Fundació Puigvert, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
- Bres-Niewada E Department of Urology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
- Karim SS Department of Urology, University Hospital Southampton NHS Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom.
- Picirilli A Department of Urology, Fundació Puigvert, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
- Somani BK Department of Urology, University Hospital Southampton NHS Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom.
- 2020-08-09
Published in:
- Journal of endourology. - 2020
English
Introduction: Kidney stone disease (KSD) is a highly prevalent disease worldwide. As water intake and its mineral content influence stone formation and recurrence, patients and physicians must be aware of the mineral content of drinkable water. We analyzed commercial bottled still water within Europe to assess the variation in its mineral composition across different manufacturers and countries. Materials and Methods: Data on the mineral composition of bottled still water regarding bicarbonate, calcium, magnesium, potassium, sodium, and sulfate concentration (mg/L) were collected from ten European countries. To collect the data, the two main supermarket chains in each participating country were either visited to check for the ingredient label on bottles or the online shop was consulted through the website of the supermarket in question. Descriptive statistics such as simple boxplots were used to illustrate the variation in mineral content. Results: One hundred eighty-two different commercial water brands were analyzed. Up to a fivefold variation in average concentrations per mineral between countries was observed. For calcium, a wide distribution was found in France and Switzerland compared with other countries with calcium levels ranging from 10.5 to 565 mg/L and 8.4 to 579 mg/L, respectively. By consuming 2 L of water with such high calcium levels, the daily reference intake for calcium is already achieved. Conclusions: The mineral content of bottled still water across Europe varies greatly. For patients with KSD it is important to be aware of the mineral content of the water they drink, as it might influence stone recurrence rates and necessitate alterations of their diet.
- Language
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- English
- Open access status
- closed
- Identifiers
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- DOI 10.1089/end.2020.0677
- PMID 32762257
- Persistent URL
- https://folia.unifr.ch/global/documents/7209
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