Journal article

An estimate of the number of tropical tree species.

  • Slik JW Faculty of Science, Universiti Brunei Darusallam, Gadong, Brunei; ferryslik@hotmail.com.
  • Arroyo-Rodríguez V Centro de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Morelia, Mexico;
  • Aiba S Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan;
  • Alvarez-Loayza P Center for Tropical Conservation, Duke University, Durham, NC;
  • Alves LF Instituto Agronômico de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil;
  • Ashton P Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA;
  • Balvanera P Centro de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Morelia, Mexico;
  • Bastian ML Smithsonian National Zoological Park, Washington, DC;
  • Bellingham PJ Landcare Research, Lincoln, New Zealand;
  • van den Berg E Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, Brazil;
  • Bernacci L Instituto Agronômico de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil;
  • da Conceição Bispo P National Institute for Space Research (INPE), São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil;
  • Blanc L Centre de Cooperation Internationale en Recherche Agronimique pour le Developpement (CIRAD), Belem, Brazil;
  • Böhning-Gaese K Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BiK-F), Senckenberg, Gesellschaft für Naturforschung, Frankfurt (Main), Germany;
  • Boeckx P Ghent University, Gent, Belgium;
  • Bongers F Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands;
  • Boyle B University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ;
  • Bradford M Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO) Land and Water, Tropical Forest Research Centre, Atherton, Australia;
  • Brearley FQ Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom;
  • Breuer-Ndoundou Hockemba M Wildlife Conservation Society, Congo Program, Nouabalé-Ndoki National Park, Republic of Congo;
  • Bunyavejchewin S Department of National Parks, Wildlife and Plant Conservation, Bangkok, Thailand;
  • Calderado Leal Matos D Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Belem, Brazil;
  • Castillo-Santiago M El Colegio de la Frontera Sur (ECOSUR), Chiapas, Mexico;
  • Catharino EL Instituto de Botânica de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil;
  • Chai SL Alberta Innovates-Technology Futures, Vegreville, AB, Canada;
  • Chen Y College of Life Sciences, Hainan Normal University, Haikou, China;
  • Colwell RK University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT; University of Colorado, Boulder, CO;
  • Chazdon RL University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT;
  • Robin CL Center for Tropical Conservation, Duke University, Durham, NC;
  • Clark C University of Missouri, St. Louis, MO;
  • Clark DB University of Missouri, St. Louis, MO;
  • Clark DA University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany;
  • Culmsee H PNG Forest Research Institute, Lae, Papua New Guinea;
  • Damas K Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India;
  • Dattaraja HS Universite Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium;
  • Dauby G Pondicherry University, Puducherry, India;
  • Davidar P Clemson University, Clemson, SC;
  • DeWalt SJ Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, Université de Liège, Gembloux, Belgium;
  • Doucet JL Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Medellin, Colombia;
  • Duque A Instituto Florestal de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil;
  • Durigan G Eichhorn Ecology, Zeist, The Netherlands;
  • Eichhorn KA Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso, Caceres, Brazil;
  • Eisenlohr PV Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, Brazil;
  • Eler E Wildlife Conservation Society, Congo Program, Nouabalé-Ndoki National Park, Republic of Congo;
  • Ewango C Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany;
  • Farwig N International Center for Tropical Botany, Florida International University, Miami, FL;
  • Feeley KJ Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Belem, Brazil;
  • Ferreira L University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom;
  • Field R Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, Brazil;
  • de Oliveira Filho AT Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia;
  • Fletcher C World Wildlife Fund (WWF) Sweden, Stockholm, Sweden;
  • Forshed O Instituto Florestal de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil;
  • Franco G PanEco/Sumatran Orangutan Conservation Program (SOCP), Medan, North Sumatra, Indonesia;
  • Fredriksson G University of California, Los Angeles, CA;
  • Gillespie T Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, Université de Liège, Gembloux, Belgium;
  • Gillet JF International Water Management Institute, Colombo, Sri Lanka;
  • Amarnath G Universidad Laica Eloy Alfaro de Manabi, Manta, Ecuador;
  • Griffith DM Mount Holyoke College, South Hadley, MA;
  • Grogan J University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka;
  • Gunatilleke N Royal Botanical Garden Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom;
  • Harris D Centre for Mountain Ecosystem Studies, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China; China & World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), East and Central Asia Regional Office, Kunming, China;
  • Harrison R University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom;
  • Hector A University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany;
  • Homeier J Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Kanrin, Inuyama, Aichi, Japan;
  • Imai N Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan;
  • Itoh A Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands; Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama, Republic of Panama;
  • Jansen PA Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil;
  • Joly CA El Colegio de la Frontera Sur (ECOSUR), Chiapas, Mexico;
  • de Jong BH Herbarium Bogoriense, Research Center for Biology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI), Cibinong, Indonesia;
  • Kartawinata K Ghent University, Gent, Belgium;
  • Kearsley E Trinity College, University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland;
  • Kelly DL Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Washington, DC;
  • Kenfack D University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland;
  • Kessler M Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan;
  • Kitayama K Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia;
  • Kooyman R Centre ValBio, Ranomafana, Madagascar;
  • Larney E Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), Bogor, Indonesia;
  • Laumonier Y James Cook University, Cairns, Australia;
  • Laurance S James Cook University, Cairns, Australia;
  • Laurance WF Research Institute for the Environment and Livelihoods, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Australia;
  • Lawes MJ Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, Brazil;
  • Amaral IL Purchase College, State University of New York, Purchase, NY;
  • Letcher SG RSPB, Sandy, Bedfordshire, United Kingdom;
  • Lindsell J Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China;
  • Lu X Universiti Sains Malaysia, Georgetown, Penang, Malaysia;
  • Mansor A Stora Enso Oyj, Helsinki, Finland;
  • Marjokorpi A Udzungwa Ecological Monitoring Centre, Mang'ula, Tanzania; Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania;
  • Martin EH University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark;
  • Meilby H Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil;
  • Melo FP CSIRO Land and Water, EcoSciences Precinct, Dutton Park, Australia;
  • Metcalfe DJ Center for Tropical Conservation, Duke University, Durham, NC;
  • Medjibe VP Universidade de São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil;
  • Metzger JP National University of Laos, Vientiane, Laos;
  • Millet J Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, China;
  • Mohandass D Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany;
  • Montero JC National Institute for Space Research (INPE), São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil;
  • de Morisson Valeriano M Institute of Tropical Forest Conservation, Kampala, Uganda;
  • Mugerwa B Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan;
  • Nagamasu H Sabah Forestry Department, Sandakan, Sabah, Malaysia;
  • Nilus R El Colegio de la Frontera Sur (ECOSUR), Chiapas, Mexico;
  • Ochoa-Gaona S University of Sumatera Utara, Medan, Sumatra, Indonesia;
  • Onrizal Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India;
  • Page N University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany;
  • Parolin P Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands;
  • Parren M Pondicherry University, Puducherry, India;
  • Parthasarathy N Centre for Mountain Ecosystem Studies, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China;
  • Paudel E University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland;
  • Permana A Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, Brazil;
  • Piedade MT Center for Tropical Conservation, Duke University, Durham, NC;
  • Pitman NC Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands;
  • Poorter L University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway;
  • Poulsen AD Center for Tropical Conservation, Duke University, Durham, NC;
  • Poulsen J Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN;
  • Powers J International Institute of Information Technology, Hyderabad, India;
  • Prasad RC Sigur Nature Trust, Masinagudi, India;
  • Puyravaud JP Centre ValBio, Ranomafana, Madagascar;
  • Razafimahaimodison JC Bureau Waardenburg bv, Culemborg, The Netherlands;
  • Reitsma J National Institute for Space Research (INPE), São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil;
  • Dos Santos JR Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, Brazil;
  • Roberto Spironello W Department of Biology, Yachay Tech University, Ciudad del Conocimiento, Urcuquí, Ecuador;
  • Romero-Saltos H MUSE Museo delle Scienze, Trento, Italy;
  • Rovero F Cibodas Botanic Gardens, Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI), Cianjur, Indonesia;
  • Rozak AH University of Turku, Turku, Finland;
  • Ruokolainen K Carboforexpert, Geneva, Switzerland;
  • Rutishauser E Instituto Federal do Espírito Santo, Santa Teresa, Brazil;
  • Saiter F University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland;
  • Saner P Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil;
  • Santos BA Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Belem, Brazil;
  • Santos F Shahjalal University of Science & Technology, Sylhet, Bangladesh;
  • Sarker SK Centre for Mountain Ecosystem Studies, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China;
  • Satdichanh M Chair for Landscape Management, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany;
  • Schmitt CB Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Max Planck Project, Manaus, Brazil;
  • Schöngart J Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR;
  • Schulze M Universidade de São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil;
  • Suganuma MS Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), Bogor, Indonesia; Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Aas, Norway;
  • Sheil D Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil;
  • da Silva Pinheiro E CIRAD, Monpellier, France;
  • Sist P Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO;
  • Stevart T Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India;
  • Sukumar R Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Studies, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien, Taiwan;
  • Sun IF Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), Bogor, Indonesia;
  • Sunderland T Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India;
  • Sunderand T Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan;
  • Suresh HS Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil;
  • Suzuki E Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, China;
  • Tabarelli M Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Max Planck Project, Manaus, Brazil;
  • Tang J University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark;
  • Targhetta N Department of Biology, Washington State University, Vancouver, ON, Canada;
  • Theilade I Ecole Nationale des Eaux et Forets, Mbalmayo, Cameroon;
  • Thomas DW Organization for Tropical Field Studies, La Selva, Costa Rica;
  • Tchouto P Pontificia Universidad Catolica del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador;
  • Hurtado J Nederlands Voedsel-en Warenautoriteit, Wageningen, The Netherlands;
  • Valencia R Center for Southeast Asian Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan;
  • van Valkenburg JL Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO;
  • Van Do T Ghent University, Gent, Belgium;
  • Vasquez R Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria;
  • Verbeeck H Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil;
  • Adekunle V Arnold Arboretum, Harvard University, Jamaica Plain, MA;
  • Vieira SA Brown University, Providence, RI;
  • Webb CO Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom; University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
  • Whitfeld T Instituto Politecnico Nacional, Oaxaca, Mexico;
  • Wich SA Biogeochemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany;
  • Williams J Bad Aussee, Austria;
  • Wittmann F Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, China;
  • Wöll H Félix Houphouët-Boigny University, Abidjan, Ivory Coast;
  • Yang X Institute of Biology, University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines; and.
  • Adou Yao CY Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan;
  • Yap SL Organization for Tropical Field Studies, La Selva, Costa Rica;
  • Yoneda T Universiti Sains Malaysia, Georgetown, Penang, Malaysia;
  • Zahawi RA Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China;
  • Zakaria R Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, Brazil; Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Aas, Norway;
  • Zang R Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, Brazil;
  • de Assis RL Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil.
  • Garcia Luize B
  • Venticinque EM
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  • 2015-06-03
Published in:
  • Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. - 2015
English The high species richness of tropical forests has long been recognized, yet there remains substantial uncertainty regarding the actual number of tropical tree species. Using a pantropical tree inventory database from closed canopy forests, consisting of 657,630 trees belonging to 11,371 species, we use a fitted value of Fisher's alpha and an approximate pantropical stem total to estimate the minimum number of tropical forest tree species to fall between ∼ 40,000 and ∼ 53,000, i.e., at the high end of previous estimates. Contrary to common assumption, the Indo-Pacific region was found to be as species-rich as the Neotropics, with both regions having a minimum of ∼ 19,000-25,000 tree species. Continental Africa is relatively depauperate with a minimum of ∼ 4,500-6,000 tree species. Very few species are shared among the African, American, and the Indo-Pacific regions. We provide a methodological framework for estimating species richness in trees that may help refine species richness estimates of tree-dependent taxa.
Language
  • English
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hybrid
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Persistent URL
https://folia.unifr.ch/global/documents/255465
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