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Genome-wide association study identifies 74 loci associated with educational attainment.

  • Okbay A Department of Applied Economics, Erasmus School of Economics, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, 3062 PA, The Netherlands.
  • Beauchamp JP Department of Economics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA.
  • Fontana MA Center for Economic and Social Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-3332, USA.
  • Lee JJ Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA.
  • Pers TH Division of Endocrinology and Center for Basic and Translational Obesity Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 2116, USA.
  • Rietveld CA Department of Applied Economics, Erasmus School of Economics, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, 3062 PA, The Netherlands.
  • Turley P Department of Economics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA.
  • Chen GB Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
  • Emilsson V Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur 201, Iceland.
  • Meddens SF Erasmus University Rotterdam Institute for Behavior and Biology, Rotterdam, 3062 PA, The Netherlands.
  • Oskarsson S Department of Government, Uppsala University, Uppsala 751 20, Sweden.
  • Pickrell JK New York Genome Center, New York, New York 10013, USA.
  • Thom K Department of Economics, New York University, New York, New York 10012, USA.
  • Timshel P Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA.
  • de Vlaming R Department of Applied Economics, Erasmus School of Economics, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, 3062 PA, The Netherlands.
  • Abdellaoui A Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1081 BT, The Netherlands.
  • Ahluwalia TS The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark.
  • Bacelis J Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg 416 85, Sweden.
  • Baumbach C Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany.
  • Bjornsdottir G deCODE Genetics/Amgen Inc., Reykjavik 101, Iceland.
  • Brandsma JH Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, 3015 CN, The Netherlands.
  • Pina Concas M Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica U.O.S. di Sassari, National Research Council of Italy, Sassari 07100, Italy.
  • Derringer J Psychology, University of Illinois, Champaign, Illinois 61820, USA.
  • Furlotte NA 23andMe, Inc., Mountain View, California 94041, USA.
  • Galesloot TE Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, 6500 HB, The Netherlands.
  • Girotto G Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste 34100, Italy.
  • Gupta R Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.
  • Hall LM Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester LE3 9QP, UK.
  • Harris SE Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK.
  • Hofer E Department of Neurology, General Hospital and Medical University Graz, Graz 8036, Austria.
  • Horikoshi M Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology &Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK.
  • Huffman JE MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK.
  • Kaasik K Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.
  • Kalafati IP Nutrition and Dietetics, Health Science and Education, Harokopio University, Athens 17671, Greece.
  • Karlsson R Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 171 77, Sweden.
  • Kong A deCODE Genetics/Amgen Inc., Reykjavik 101, Iceland.
  • Lahti J Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.
  • van der Lee SJ Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015 GE, The Netherlands.
  • deLeeuw C Department of Complex Trait Genetics, VU University, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam, 1081 HV, The Netherlands.
  • Lind PA Quantitative Genetics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4029, Australia.
  • Lindgren KO Department of Government, Uppsala University, Uppsala 751 20, Sweden.
  • Liu T Lifespan Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin 14195, Germany.
  • Mangino M Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London SE1 7EH, UK.
  • Marten J MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK.
  • Mihailov E Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia.
  • Miller MB Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA.
  • van der Most PJ Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, 9700 RB, The Netherlands.
  • Oldmeadow C Public Health Stream, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton, NSW 2305, Australia.
  • Payton A Centre for Integrated Genomic Medical Research, Institute of Population Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK.
  • Pervjakova N Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia.
  • Peyrot WJ Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center &GGZ inGeest, Amsterdam, 1081 HL, The Netherlands.
  • Qian Y Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA.
  • Raitakari O Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, 20521 Turku, Finland.
  • Rueedi R Department of Medical Genetics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne 1005, Switzerland.
  • Salvi E Department Of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Milano 20142, Italy.
  • Schmidt B Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University Hospital of Essen, Essen 45147, Germany.
  • Schraut KE Centre for Global Health Research, The Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9AG, UK.
  • Shi J Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-9780, USA.
  • Smith AV Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur 201, Iceland.
  • Poot RA Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, 3015 CN, The Netherlands.
  • St Pourcain B MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK.
  • Teumer A Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald 17475, Germany.
  • Thorleifsson G deCODE Genetics/Amgen Inc., Reykjavik 101, Iceland.
  • Verweij N Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, 9700 RB, The Netherlands.
  • Vuckovic D Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste 34100, Italy.
  • Wellmann J Institute of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, University of Münster, Münster 48149, Germany.
  • Westra HJ Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA.
  • Yang J Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA.
  • Zhao W Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA.
  • Zhu Z Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
  • Alizadeh BZ Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, 9700 RB, The Netherlands.
  • Amin N Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015 GE, The Netherlands.
  • Bakshi A Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
  • Baumeister SE Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald 17475, Germany.
  • Biino G Institute of Molecular Genetics, National Research Council of Italy, Pavia 27100, Italy.
  • Bønnelykke K COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2820, Denmark.
  • Boyle PA Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA.
  • Campbell H Centre for Global Health Research, The Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9AG, UK.
  • Cappuccio FP Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK.
  • Davies G Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK.
  • De Neve JE Saïd Business School, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 1HP, UK.
  • Deloukas P William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK.
  • Demuth I The Berlin Aging Study II; Research Group on Geriatrics, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany, Berlin 13347, Germany.
  • Ding J Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA.
  • Eibich P German Socio- Economic Panel Study, DIW Berlin, Berlin 10117, Germany.
  • Eisele L Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University Hospital of Essen, Essen 45147, Germany.
  • Eklund N Department of Health, THL-National Institute for Health and Welfare, 00271 Helsinki, Finland.
  • Evans DM MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK.
  • Faul JD Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA.
  • Feitosa MF Department of Genetics, Division of Statistical Genomics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63018, USA.
  • Forstner AJ Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn 53127, Germany.
  • Gandin I Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste 34100, Italy.
  • Gunnarsson B deCODE Genetics/Amgen Inc., Reykjavik 101, Iceland.
  • Halldórsson BV deCODE Genetics/Amgen Inc., Reykjavik 101, Iceland.
  • Harris TB Laboratory of Epidemiology, Demography, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-9205, USA.
  • Heath AC Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA.
  • Hocking LJ Division of Applied Health Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK.
  • Holliday EG Public Health Stream, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton, NSW 2305, Australia.
  • Homuth G Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald 17475, Germany.
  • Horan MA Manchester Medical School, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK.
  • Hottenga JJ Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1081 BT, The Netherlands.
  • de Jager PL Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA.
  • Joshi PK Centre for Global Health Research, The Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9AG, UK.
  • Jugessur A Department of Genes and Environment, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, N-0403 Oslo, Norway.
  • Kaakinen MA Department of Genomics of Common Disease, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK.
  • Kähönen M Department of Clinical Physiology, Tampere University Hospital, 33521 Tampere, Finland.
  • Kanoni S William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK.
  • Keltigangas-Järvinen L Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.
  • Kiemeney LA Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, 6500 HB, The Netherlands.
  • Kolcic I Public Health, Medical School, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia.
  • Koskinen S Department of Health, THL-National Institute for Health and Welfare, 00271 Helsinki, Finland.
  • Kraja AT Department of Genetics, Division of Statistical Genomics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63018, USA.
  • Kroh M German Socio- Economic Panel Study, DIW Berlin, Berlin 10117, Germany.
  • Kutalik Z Department of Medical Genetics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne 1005, Switzerland.
  • Latvala A Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.
  • Launer LJ Neuroepidemiology Section, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-9205, USA.
  • Lebreton MP Amsterdam Business School, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1018 TV, The Netherlands.
  • Levinson DF Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5797, USA.
  • Lichtenstein P Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 171 77, Sweden.
  • Lichtner P Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany.
  • Liewald DC Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK.
  • Loukola A Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA.
  • Madden PA Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia.
  • Mägi R Department of Health, THL-National Institute for Health and Welfare, 00271 Helsinki, Finland.
  • Mäki-Opas T Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
  • Marioni RE Department of Internal Medicine, Internal Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne 1011, Switzerland.
  • Marques-Vidal P Tema BV, Hoofddorp, 2131 HE, The Netherlands.
  • Meddens GA MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK.
  • McMahon G Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany.
  • Meisinger C Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany.
  • Meitinger T Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center &GGZ inGeest, Amsterdam, 1081 HL, The Netherlands.
  • Milaneschi Y Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia.
  • Milani L Molecular Epidemiology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4029, Australia.
  • Montgomery GW Department of Genes and Environment, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, N-0403 Oslo, Norway.
  • Myhre R Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester LE3 9QP, UK.
  • Nelson CP Molecular Epidemiology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4029, Australia.
  • Nyholt DR Centre for Integrated Genomic Medical Research, Institute of Population Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK.
  • Ollier WE Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA.
  • Palotie A MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK.
  • Paternoster L Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 171 77, Sweden.
  • Pedersen NL Department of Neurology, General Hospital and Medical University Graz, Graz 8036, Austria.
  • Petrovic KE Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK.
  • Porteous DJ Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.
  • Räikkönen K MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK.
  • Ring SM Medical Genetics, Institute for Maternal and Child Health IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", Trieste 34100, Italy.
  • Robino A Department of Economics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA.
  • Rostapshova O Centre for Global Health Research, The Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9AG, UK.
  • Rudan I Department of Economics, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA.
  • Rustichini A Department of Health, THL-National Institute for Health and Welfare, 00271 Helsinki, Finland.
  • Salomaa V Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, Illinois 60201-3137, USA.
  • Sanders AR Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland.
  • Sarin AP Department of Neurology, General Hospital and Medical University Graz, Graz 8036, Austria.
  • Schmidt H Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW 2300, Australia.
  • Scott RJ Medical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK.
  • Smith BH Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA.
  • Smith JA Research Unit Hypertension and Cardiovascular Epidemiology, Department of Cardiovascular Science, University of Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium.
  • Staessen JA The Berlin Aging Study II; Research Group on Geriatrics, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany, Berlin 13347, Germany.
  • Steinhagen-Thiessen E Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany.
  • Strauch K Department of Geriatrics, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, USA.
  • Terracciano A Department of Health Sciences and Genetics, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK.
  • Tobin MD Medical Genetics, Institute for Maternal and Child Health IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", Trieste 34100, Italy.
  • Ulivi S Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica U.O.S. di Sassari, National Research Council of Italy, Sassari 07100, Italy.
  • Vaccargiu S Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London SE1 7EH, UK.
  • Quaye L Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015 GE, The Netherlands.
  • van Rooij FJ Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London SE1 7EH, UK.
  • Venturini C Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
  • Vinkhuyzen AA Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald 17475, Germany.
  • Völker U Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald 17475, Germany.
  • Völzke H Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, 9700 RB, The Netherlands.
  • Vonk JM Social Impact, Arlington, Virginia 22201, USA.
  • Vozzi D COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2820, Denmark.
  • Waage J Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA.
  • Ware EB Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1081 BT, The Netherlands.
  • Willemsen G Public Health Stream, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton, NSW 2305, Australia.
  • Attia JR Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA.
  • Bennett DA Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, 9700 RB, The Netherlands.
  • Berger K Platform for Genome Analytics, Institutes of Neurogenetics &Integrative and Experimental Genomics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck 23562, Germany.
  • Bertram L COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2820, Denmark.
  • Bisgaard H Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1081 BT, The Netherlands.
  • Boomsma DI Department of Genetics, Division of Statistical Genomics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63018, USA.
  • Borecki IB Department of Health Sciences, Community &Occupational Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, 9713 AV, The Netherlands.
  • Bültmann U Department of Psychology, Union College, Schenectady, New York 12308, USA.
  • Chabris CF Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica (IRGB), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, c/o Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, Monserrato, Cagliari 9042, Italy.
  • Cucca F Department Of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Milano 20142, Italy.
  • Cusi D Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK.
  • Deary IJ Nutrition and Dietetics, Health Science and Education, Harokopio University, Athens 17671, Greece.
  • Dedoussis GV Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015 GE, The Netherlands.
  • van Duijn CM Folkhälsan Research Centre, 00014 Helsingfors, Finland.
  • Eriksson JG Departments of Human Genetics and Psychiatry, Donders Centre for Neuroscience, Nijmegen, 6500 HB, The Netherlands.
  • Franke B Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, 9700 RB, The Netherlands.
  • Franke L Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste 34100, Italy.
  • Gasparini P Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, Illinois 60201-3137, USA.
  • Gejman PV Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany.
  • Gieger C Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald 17475, Germany.
  • Grabe HJ Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
  • Gratten J Econometric Institute, Erasmus School of Economics, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, 3062 PA, The Netherlands.
  • Groenen PJ Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur 201, Iceland.
  • Gudnason V Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, 9700 RB, The Netherlands.
  • van der Harst P MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK.
  • Hayward C 23andMe, Inc., Mountain View, California 94041, USA.
  • Hinds DA Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald 17475, Germany.
  • Hoffmann W Centre for Population Health Research, School of Health Sciences and Sansom Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia.
  • Hyppönen E Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA.
  • Iacono WG Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg 416 85, Sweden.
  • Jacobsson B Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment &Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK.
  • Järvelin MR Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University Hospital of Essen, Essen 45147, Germany.
  • Jöckel KH Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.
  • Kaprio J Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA.
  • Kardia SL Fimlab Laboratories, 33520 Tampere, Finland.
  • Lehtimäki T Economics, NYU Shanghai, 200122 Pudong, China.
  • Lehrer SF Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 171 77, Sweden.
  • Magnusson PK Genetic Epidemiology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4029, Australia.
  • Martin NG Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA.
  • McGue M Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia.
  • Metspalu A Centre for Clinical and Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute Brain Behaviour and Mental Health, Salford Royal Hospital, Manchester M6 8HD, UK.
  • Pendleton N Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center &GGZ inGeest, Amsterdam, 1081 HL, The Netherlands.
  • Penninx BW Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia.
  • Perola M Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste 34100, Italy.
  • Pirastu N Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica U.O.S. di Sassari, National Research Council of Italy, Sassari 07100, Italy.
  • Pirastu M Centre for Global Health Research, The Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9AG, UK.
  • Polasek O Department of Complex Trait Genetics, VU University, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam, 1081 HV, The Netherlands.
  • Posthuma D Population, Policy and Practice, UCL Institute of Child Health, London WC1N 1EH, UK.
  • Power C Department of Genetics, Division of Statistical Genomics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63018, USA.
  • Province MA Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester LE3 9QP, UK.
  • Samani NJ Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA.
  • Schlessinger D Department of Neurology, General Hospital and Medical University Graz, Graz 8036, Austria.
  • Schmidt R The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark.
  • Sørensen TI Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London SE1 7EH, UK.
  • Spector TD deCODE Genetics/Amgen Inc., Reykjavik 101, Iceland.
  • Stefansson K deCODE Genetics/Amgen Inc., Reykjavik 101, Iceland.
  • Thorsteinsdottir U Department of Applied Economics, Erasmus School of Economics, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, 3062 PA, The Netherlands.
  • Thurik AR MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK.
  • Timpson NJ Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015 GE, The Netherlands.
  • Tiemeier H 23andMe, Inc., Mountain View, California 94041, USA.
  • Tung JY Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015 GE, The Netherlands.
  • Uitterlinden AG MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK.
  • Vitart V Department of Internal Medicine, Internal Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne 1011, Switzerland.
  • Vollenweider P Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA.
  • Weir DR MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK.
  • Wilson JF MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK.
  • Wright AF Department of Sociology, New York University, New York, New York 10012, USA.
  • Conley DC Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA.
  • Krueger RF MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK.
  • Davey Smith G Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015 GE, The Netherlands.
  • Hofman A Department of Economics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA.
  • Laibson DI Quantitative Genetics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4029, Australia.
  • Medland SE Bioethics Program, Union Graduate College - Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Schenectady, New York 12308, USA.
  • Meyer MN Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
  • Yang J Department of Economics, Stockholm School of Economics, Stockholm 113 83, Sweden.
  • Johannesson M Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
  • Visscher PM Division of Endocrinology and Center for Basic and Translational Obesity Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 2116, USA.
  • Esko T Erasmus University Rotterdam Institute for Behavior and Biology, Rotterdam, 3062 PA, The Netherlands.
  • Koellinger PD Department of Economics, New York University, New York, New York 10012, USA.
  • Cesarini D Center for Economic and Social Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-3332, USA.
  • Benjamin DJ
Show more…
  • 2016-05-27
Published in:
  • Nature. - 2016
Alzheimer Disease
Bipolar Disorder
Brain
Cognition
Computational Biology
Educational Status
Fetus
Gene Expression Regulation
Gene-Environment Interaction
Genome-Wide Association Study
Humans
Molecular Sequence Annotation
Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide
Schizophrenia
United Kingdom
English Educational attainment is strongly influenced by social and other environmental factors, but genetic factors are estimated to account for at least 20% of the variation across individuals. Here we report the results of a genome-wide association study (GWAS) for educational attainment that extends our earlier discovery sample of 101,069 individuals to 293,723 individuals, and a replication study in an independent sample of 111,349 individuals from the UK Biobank. We identify 74 genome-wide significant loci associated with the number of years of schooling completed. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms associated with educational attainment are disproportionately found in genomic regions regulating gene expression in the fetal brain. Candidate genes are preferentially expressed in neural tissue, especially during the prenatal period, and enriched for biological pathways involved in neural development. Our findings demonstrate that, even for a behavioural phenotype that is mostly environmentally determined, a well-powered GWAS identifies replicable associated genetic variants that suggest biologically relevant pathways. Because educational attainment is measured in large numbers of individuals, it will continue to be useful as a proxy phenotype in efforts to characterize the genetic influences of related phenotypes, including cognition and neuropsychiatric diseases.
Language
  • English
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https://folia.unifr.ch/global/documents/20366
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