Subcortical brain volume differences in participants with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adults: a cross-sectional mega-analysis.

• Hoogman M Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, Netherlands. Electronic address: martine.hoogman@radboudumc.nl.
• Bralten J Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, Netherlands.
• Hibar DP Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Institute for Neuroimaging and Informatics, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA, USA.
• Mennes M Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, Netherlands.
• Zwiers MP Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, Netherlands.
• Schweren LSJ Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands.
• van Hulzen KJE Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, Netherlands.
• Medland SE QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
• Shumskaya E Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, Netherlands.
• Jahanshad N Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Institute for Neuroimaging and Informatics, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA, USA.
• Zeeuw P NICHE-lab, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands.
• Szekely E Neurobehavioral Clinical Research Section, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA.
• Sudre G Neurobehavioral Clinical Research Section, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA.
• Wolfers T Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, Netherlands.
• Onnink AMH Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, Netherlands.
• Dammers JT Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, Netherlands.
• Mostert JC Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, Netherlands.
• Vives-Gilabert Y Asociación para la Innovación en Análisis, Gestión y Procesamiento de Datos Científicos y Tecnológicos, Barcelona, Spain.
• Kohls G Child Neuropsychology Section, University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany.
• Oberwelland E Child Neuropsychology Section, University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany; JARA Translational Brain Medicine, Research Center Juelich, Aachen, Germany.
• Seitz J Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany.
• Schulte-Rüther M Child Neuropsychology Section, University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany; JARA Translational Brain Medicine, Research Center Juelich, Aachen, Germany.
• Ambrosino S NICHE-lab, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands.
• Doyle AE Department of Psychiatry and Center for Human Genetics Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research at the Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA.
• Høvik MF Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
• Dramsdahl M Psychiatry, Region Zealand, Denmark.
• Tamm L Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
• van Erp TGM Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.
• Dale A Departments of Neurosciences and Radiology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA; UCSD Center for Translational Imaging and Precision Medicine, San Diego, CA, USA.
• Schork A Department of Cognitive Science, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
• Conzelmann A Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Department of Psychology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
• Zierhut K Department of Medical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Medical Sociology and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany; Department of Psychology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
• Baur R Department of Psychology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
• McCarthy H Department of Psychiatry, University of Dublin, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
• Yoncheva YN The Child Study Center at NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
• Cubillo A Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
• Chantiluke K Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
• Mehta MA Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
• Paloyelis Y Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
• Hohmann S Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.
• Baumeister S Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.
• Bramati I D'Or Institute for Research and Education, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
• Mattos P D'Or Institute for Research and Education, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Institute of Psychiatry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
• Tovar-Moll F D'Or Institute for Research and Education, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Morphological Sciences Program, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
• Douglas P Department of Psychiatry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
• Banaschewski T Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.
• Brandeis D Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Neuroscience Centre Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
• Kuntsi J Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
• Asherson P Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
• Rubia K Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
• Kelly C Department of Psychiatry, University of Dublin, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; The Child Study Center at NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA; Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Dublin, Ireland.
• Martino AD The Child Study Center at NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
• Milham MP Center for the Developing Brain, Child Mind Institute, New York, NY, USA; Center for Biomedical Imaging and Neuromodulation, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, USA.
• Castellanos FX The Child Study Center at NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA; Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Research, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, USA.
• Frodl T Department of Psychiatry, University of Dublin, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Otto-von-Guericke-University, Magdeburg, Germany.
• Zentis M Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Otto-von-Guericke-University, Magdeburg, Germany.
• Lesch KP Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Center of Mental Health, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany; Department of Translational Neuroscience, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands.
• Reif A Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany.
• Pauli P Department of Psychology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
• Jernigan TL Departments of Cognitive Science, Psychiatry, Radiology, and Center for Human Development, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA.
• Haavik J KG Jebsen Centre for Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Department of Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.
• Plessen KJ Child and Adolescent Mental Health Center, Capital Region, Denmark.
• Lundervold AJ Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
• Hugdahl K Department of Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway; Department of Radiology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway; Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
• Seidman LJ Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA.
• Biederman J Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Clinical and Research Programs in Pediatric Psychopharmacology and Adult ADHD, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
• Rommelse N Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands; Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Nijmegen, Netherlands.
• Heslenfeld DJ Department of Cognitive Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
• Hartman CA Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands.
• Hoekstra PJ Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands.
• Oosterlaan J Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
• Polier GV Child Neuropsychology Section, University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany.
• Konrad K Child Neuropsychology Section, University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany.
• Vilarroya O Department of Psychiatry and Legal Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Fundació IMIM, Barcelona, Spain.
• Ramos-Quiroga JA Department of Psychiatry and Legal Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain.
• Soliva JC Department of Psychiatry and Legal Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
• Durston S NICHE-lab, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands.
• Buitelaar JK Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, Netherlands; Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Nijmegen, Netherlands.
• Faraone SV KG Jebsen Centre for Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Department of Psychiatry, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA.
• Shaw P Neurobehavioral Clinical Research Section, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA; National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
• Thompson PM Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Institute for Neuroimaging and Informatics, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA, USA.
• Franke B Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands; Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, Netherlands.

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Adolescent

Adult

Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity

Brain

Case-Control Studies

Child

Child, Preschool

Cross-Sectional Studies

Female

Humans

Linear Models

Longitudinal Studies

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Male

Middle Aged

Neuroimaging

Young Adult