Alien species name Non-relevant report Reason why the report is not relevant for EICAT Assessor comment Assessor Date of assessment Alces americana "Veblen, T. T., & Stewart, G. H. (1982). The effects of introduced wild animals on New Zealand forests. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 72(3), 372-397." Does not contain direct observations of impacts (review) History of mammals introductions in New Zealand. LV January 2018 Ammotragus lervia "Acevedo, P., & Cassinello, J. (2009). Biology, ecology and status of Iberian ibex Capra pyrenaica: a critical review and research prospectus. Mammal Review, 39(1), 1732." "No evidence of a negative impact: an impact on the performance of native individuals or on the native population is not investigated, but inferred from another observation (the study informs on a potential risk posed by the alien)" Study is looking at habitat overlap DJ December 2017 Ammotragus lervia "Candela, M. G., et al. ""Coinfection is an important factor in epidemiological studies: the first serosurvey of the aoudad (Ammotragus lervia)."" European journal of clinical microbiology & infectious diseases 28.5 (2009): 481489." "No evidence of a negative impact: an impact on the performance of native individuals or on the native population is not investigated, but inferred from another observation (the study informs on a potential risk posed by the alien)" Study shows the potential risk posed by aoudads as hosts (and probably reservoirs) of paratuberculosis and tuberculosis mycobacterials DJ December 2017 Ammotragus lervia "Cassinello, J., Serrano, E., Calabuig, G., & Pérez, J. M. (2004). Range expansion of an exotic ungulate (Ammotragus lervia) in southern Spain: ecological and conservation concerns. Biodiversity & Conservation, 13(5), 851866." "No evidence of a negative impact: an impact on the performance of native individuals or on the native population is not investigated, but inferred from another observation (the study informs on a potential risk posed by the alien)" Study is looking at habitat overlap DJ December 2017 Ammotragus lervia "GarzónMachado.V, M. J. DelArcoAguilar, and P. L. PérezdePaz, “Threat or threatened species? A paradox in conservation biology,” J. Nat. Conserv., vol. 20, no. 4, pp. 228–230, 2012. " Does not contain direct observations of impacts (secondary referencing) DJ December 2017 Ammotragus lervia "Miranda, M., Sicilia, M., Bartolomé, J., MolinaAlcaide, E., GálvezBravo, L., & Cassinello, J. (2012). Contrasting feeding patterns of native red deer and two exotic ungulates in a Mediterranean ecosystem. Wildlife Research, 39(2), 171182." "No evidence of a negative impact: an impact on the performance of native individuals or on the native population is not investigated, but inferred from another observation (the study informs on a potential risk posed by the alien)" Description of foraging strategies (faeces analyses) to show diet overlap with the native deer Cervus elaphus hispanicus. DJ December 2017 Ammotragus lervia "Rodriguez Pinero, J. C., and J. L. Rodriguez Luengo. ""Autumn food habits of the Barbary sheep (Ammotragus lervia Pallas, 1772) on La Palma Island (Canary Islands)."" Mammalia 56.3 (1992): 385392." "No evidence of a negative impact: an impact on the performance of native individuals or on the native population is not investigated, but inferred from another observation (the study informs on a potential risk posed by the alien)" Description of the diet of the alien (the effect of the alien action on the performance of the natives is not tested) DJ December 2017 Ammotragus lervia "Simpson, C. D., & Gray, G. G. (1983). Topographic and habitat use by sympatric Barbary sheep and mule deer in Palo Duro Canyon, Texas. Journal of Range Management, 190194." "No evidence of a negative impact: an impact on the performance of native individuals or on the native population is not investigated, but inferred from another observation (the study informs on a potential risk posed by the alien)" Study is looking at habitat overlap DJ December 2017 Ammotragus lervia "Seegmiller, R. F., & Simpson, C. D. (1979). The Barbary sheep: some conceptual implications of competition with desert bighorn. Desert Bighorn Counc. Trans, 23, 4749." "No evidence of a negative impact: an impact on the performance of native individuals or on the native population is not investigated, but inferred from another observation (the study informs on a potential risk posed by the alien)" Study is looking at habitat overlap DJ December 2017 Ammotragus lervia "Simpson, Krysl, L.J., Hampy, D.B. and Gray, G.G. (1978) Trans. Desert Bighorn Council 22: 23–31." "No evidence of a negative impact: an impact on the performance of native individuals or on the native population is not investigated, but inferred from another observation (the study informs on a potential risk posed by the alien)" Study is looking at habitat overlap DJ December 2017 Ammotragus lervia "Cassinello, Jorge, Pelayo Acevedo, and Joaquín Hortal. ""Prospects for population expansion of the exotic aoudad (Ammotragus lervia; Bovidae) in the Iberian Peninsula: clues from habitat suitability modelling."" Diversity and Distributions 12.6 (2006): 666678." "No evidence of a negative impact: an impact on the performance of native individuals or on the native population is not investigated, but inferred from another observation (the study informs on a potential risk posed by the alien)" Study is looking at habitat overlap DJ December 2017 Ammotragus lervia "Pittman, Michael T. (2010). BLACK GAP WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT AREA. MANAGEMENT PLAN. " "No evidence of a negative impact: an impact on the performance of native individuals or on the native population is not investigated, but inferred from another observation (the study informs on a potential risk posed by the alien)" Management plan based on concerns (no direct observation of impact). LV July 2018 Ammotragus lervia "Brewer, C. E. (2003). Status of Desert Bighorn Sheep in Texas 2002-2003. Desert Bighorn Sheep Council Transactions, 47, 40-42." "No evidence of a negative impact: an impact on the performance of native individuals or on the native population is not investigated, but inferred from another observation (the study informs on a potential risk posed by the alien)" "No direct observation of impact, concerns about a potential competition or transmission of disease to the native Ovis canadensis." LV July 2018 Ammotragus lervia "Roemer, G. W., D. Auerbach, K. E. Young, T. S. Schrader and M. A. Andersen. 2007. Exotic animal management plan: Final Environmental Assessment, Big Bend National Park, Texas. New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM. 135 pp." Does not contain direct observations of impacts (risk assessment/management plan) LV July 2018 Ammotragus lervia "Cassinello, J. (2018). Misconception and mismanagement of invasive species: The paradoxical case of an alien ungulate in Spain. Conservation Letters, e12440." Does not contain direct observations of impacts (secondary referencing) LV July 2018 Ammotragus lervia "Acevedo, P., Cassinello, J., Hortal, J., & Gortázar, C. (2007). Invasive exotic aoudad (Ammotragus lervia) as a major threat to native Iberian ibex (Capra pyrenaica): a habitat suitability model approach. Diversity and Distributions, 13(5), 587-597." "No evidence of a negative impact: an impact on the performance of native individuals or on the native population is not investigated, but inferred from another observation (the study informs on a potential risk posed by the alien)" Native indivuals avoid the alien: a decrease in the performance of native individuals has been inferred from a swich of the individuals to suboptimal habitats LS; LV June 2019 Ammotragus lervia "Sicilia, M., Miranda, M., & Cassinello, J. (2011). Spatio-temporal co-ocurrence of native and exotic ungulates in a Mediterranean environment." "No evidence of a negative impact: an impact on the performance of native individuals or on the native population is not investigated, but inferred from another observation (the study informs on a potential risk posed by the alien)" Potential interspecific competition (spatio-temporal co-occurrence of the native Cervus elaphus and two non-native species: Ammotragus lervia and Ovis orientalis) LV October 2019 Axis axis "Davis, N. E. et al. A systematic review of the impacts and management of introduced deer (family Cervidae) in Australia. Wildl. Res. 43, 515–532 (2016)." Does not contain direct observations of impacts (review) This is a review on the range and the impacts of alien deer in Australia; there is no information specific to Axis axis LS January 2018 Axis axis "Faas, C. J. & Weckerly, F. W. Habitat interference by axis deer on white-tailed deer. J. Wildl. Manage. 74, 698–706 (2010)." "No evidence of a negative impact: an impact on the performance of native individuals or on the native population is not investigated, but inferred from another observation (the study informs on a potential risk posed by the alien)" "The study demonstrate that there might be some overlap in habitat use between native white tailed deer and introduced axis, but the outcome on the dynamic of the white tailed deer population are not studied (speculation)" LS January 2018 Axis axis "Henke, S. E., Demarais, S., & Pfister, J. A. (1988). Digestive capacity and diets of white-tailed deer and exotic ruminants. The Journal of Wildlife Management, 595-598." "No evidence of a negative impact: an impact on the performance of native individuals or on the native population is not investigated, but inferred from another observation (the study informs on a potential risk posed by the alien)" Diet comparison. The effects on native white tailed deer abundance are speculative LS January 2018 Axis axis "Jackley, J. J. (1991). Dietary overlap among axis, fallow, sika, and white-tailed deer in the Edwards Plateau region of Texas (Doctoral dissertation, Texas Tech University)." "No evidence of a negative impact: an impact on the performance of native individuals or on the native population is not investigated, but inferred from another observation (the study informs on a potential risk posed by the alien)" Diet comparison. The effects on native white tailed deer abundance are speculative LS January 2018 Axis axis "Richardson, Morgan L., and Stephen Demarais. ""Parasites and condition of coexisting populations of white-tailed and exotic deer in south-central Texas."" Journal of Wildlife Diseases 28.3 (1992): 485-489." "No evidence of a negative impact: an impact on the performance of native individuals or on the native population is not investigated, but inferred from another observation (the study informs on a potential risk posed by the alien)" "The study investigate parasitic interactions between exotic and native deer. No evidence was found, although the health status of exotic deer was higher than that of white tailed deer" LS January 2018 Axis axis "Faas, Clinton J., and Floyd W. Weckerly. ""Habitat interference by axis deer on whitetailed deer."" Journal of Wildlife Management 74.4 (2010): 698706." "Impact observed in captivity or under experiment, but not transferable to the wild" This study has taken place at a ranch. DJ November 2017 Axis axis "Debárbora, Valeria N., et al. ""Ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) parasitizing endemic and exotic wild mammals in the Esteros del Iberá wetlands, Argentina."" Systematic and Applied Acarology 17.3 (2012): 243250." "No evidence of a negative impact: an impact on the performance of native individuals or on the native population is not investigated, but inferred from another observation (the study informs on a potential risk posed by the alien)" Study has established that alien species may be a host of a parasite however it is not clear if this is effecting native species. Authors only mention speculation. DJ December 2017 Axis axis "Jackley, James J. Dietary overlap among axis, fallow, sika, and whitetailed deer in the Edwards Plateau region of Texas. Diss. 1991." "No evidence of a negative impact: an impact on the performance of native individuals or on the native population is not investigated, but inferred from another observation (the study informs on a potential risk posed by the alien)" Diet overlap DJ July 2017 Axis axis "Lane, Robert S., and Willy Burgdorfer. ""Potential role of native and exotic deer and their associated ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) in the ecology of Lyme disease in California, USA."" Zentralblatt für Bakteriologie, Mikrobiologie und Hygiene. Series A: Medical Microbiology, Infectious Diseases, Virology, Parasitology 263.12 (1986): 5564." "No evidence of a negative impact: an impact on the performance of native individuals or on the native population is not investigated, but inferred from another observation (the study informs on a potential risk posed by the alien)" The alien is a host of a parasite DJ July 2017 Axis axis "Veblen TT, Mermoz M, Mart´?n C and Kitzberger T (1992) Ecological impacts of introduced animals in Nahuel Huapi National Park, Argentina. Conservation Biology 6: 71–83" "Negative impact already assessed (the data used in this study have been published in another article, which has been assessed)" Larger-scale study that looks at the impact of many introduced animals. We did not classify this study because the data about introduced ungulates (introduced on Isla Victoria) have been reported in Veble et al. 1989. LV July 2019 Axis axis "Stone, Charles P. ""Alien animals in Hawaii’s native ecosystems: toward controlling the adverse effects of introduced vertebrates."" Hawai’i’s terrestrial ecosystems: Preservation and management (1985): 251297." Does not contain direct observations of impacts (review) LV June 2019 Axis axis "Rubino, Elena. Methods for population control: a case study on the axis deer of Maui Island, HI. University of Delaware, 2014." Does not contain direct observations of impacts (secondary referencing) DJ July 2017 Axis porcinus "Davis, N. E., Forsyth, D. M. & Coulson, G. Facilitative interactions between an exotic mammal and native and exotic plants: Hog deer (Axis porcinus) as seed dispersers in south-eastern Australia. Biol. Invasions 12, 1079–1092 (2010)." "No evidence of a negative impact: an impact on the performance of native individuals or on the native population is not investigated, but inferred from another observation (the study informs on a potential risk posed by the alien)" "Hog deer disperse seeds through endozoochory of both native and invasive plant, but the outcomes on native species are not investigated" LS January 2018 Axis porcinus "Davis, N. E. Resource partitioning among five sympatric mammalian herbivores on Yanakie Isthmus , south- eastern Australia. PhD dissertation, department of Zoology, University of Melbourne (2010)." "No evidence of a negative impact: an impact on the performance of native individuals or on the native population is not investigated, but inferred from another observation (the study informs on a potential risk posed by the alien)" Competition between invasive hog deer and rabbit and native fauna are investigated by spatial overlap LS January 2018 Axis porcinus "Davis, N. E., Coulson, G., & Forsyth, D. M. (2008). Diets of native and introduced mammalian herbivores in shrub-encroached grassy woodland, south-eastern Australia. Wildlife Research, 35(7), 684-694." "No evidence of a negative impact: an impact on the performance of native individuals or on the native population is not investigated, but inferred from another observation (the study informs on a potential risk posed by the alien)" Competition between invasive hog deer and rabbit and native fauna are investigated by spatial overlap LS January 2018 Axis porcinus "Davis, N. E. et al. A systematic review of the impacts and management of introduced deer (family Cervidae) in Australia. Wildl. Res. 43, 515–532 (2016)." Does not contain direct observations of impacts (review) This is a review on the range and the impacts of alien deer in Australia; there are no information specific for Axis axis LS January 2018 Bison bison "Olech, W. (IUCN SSC Bison Specialist Group). 2008. Bison bonasus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008: e.T2814A9484719. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T2814A9484719.en. Downloaded on 09 March 2017." Does not contain direct observations of impacts (potential impact) Potential impact instead of direct observation of impact DJ July 2017 Bison bison "Pucek et al (2004) European Bison, Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan, IUCN/SSC Bison Specialist Group" Does not contain direct observations of impacts (potential impact) Potential impact instead of direct observation of impact DJ July 2017 Bison bison "Zablotskaya L.V., Zablotsky M.A., Zablotskaya M.M. 2004. Origin of the hybrids of North American and European bison in the Caucasus Mountains. [In:] European Bison. Status Survey and Conservation Plan. IUCN, pp. 49–52. " Introduction of a hybrid population (not assessed). LV July 2019 Bison bison "Jung, T. S., Stotyn, S. A., & Czetwertynski, S. M. (2015). Dietary overlap and potential competition in a dynamic ungulate community in northwestern Canada. The Journal of Wildlife Management, 79(8), 1277-1285." Re-introduced population (not assessed) LV September 2019 Bison bonasus "Khlyap, L. A., Bobrov, V. V., & Warshavsky, A. A. (2010). Biological Invasions on Russian territory: mammals. Russian Journal of Biological Invasions, 1(2), 127-140." Re-introduced population (not assessed) LV July 2019 Bison bonasus "Neronov, V. M., Khlyap, L. A., Bobrov, V. V., & Warshavsky, A. A. (2008). Alien species of mammals and their impact on natural ecosystems in the biosphere reserves of Russia. Integrative zoology, 3(2), 83-94." Re-introduced population (not assessed) LV July 2019 Bison bonasus "Zielke, L., Wrage-Mönnig, N., & Müller, J. (2019). Implications of Spatial Habitat Diversity on Diet Selection of European Bison and Przewalski´ s Horses in a Rewilding Area. Diversity, 11(4), 63." Re-introduced population (not assessed) LV September 2019 Bison bonasus "Vadlejch, J., Kyriánová, I. A., Rylková, K., Zikmund, M., & Langrová, I. (2017). Health risks associated with wild animal translocation: a case of the European bison and an alien parasite. Biological invasions, 19(4), 1121-1125." Re-introduced population (not assessed) LV September 2019 Bison bonasus "Bobrov, V. V., Al’bov, S. A., & Khlyap, L. A. (2008). Impact of invasive mammal species on natural ecosystems: An example of the Prioksko-Terrasnyi Biosphere Reserve. Russian Journal of Ecology, 39(4), 292-298." Re-introduced population (not assessed) LV September 2019 Bos taurus "Munro, N. T., Moseby, K. E., & Read, J. L. (2009). The effects of browsing by feral and re-introduced native herbivores on seedling survivorship in the Australian rangelands. The Rangeland Journal, 31(4), 417-426." Effect of a domestic alien population (not assessed) Not considered as cattle is not feral but domestic LS; DJ January 2018 Bos taurus "Collins, S. L. (1987). Interaction of disturbances in tallgrass prairie: a field experiment. Ecology, 68(5), 1243-1250." Effect of a domestic alien population (not assessed) Not considered as cattle is not feral but domestic LS; DJ January 2018 Bos taurus "de Pietri, D. E. (1995). The spatial configuration of vegetation as an indicator of landscape degradation due to livestock enterprises in Argentina. Journal of Applied Ecology, 857-865." Effect of a domestic alien population (not assessed) Not considered as cattle is not feral but domestic LS; DJ January 2018 Bos taurus "De Pietri, D. E. (1992). The search for ecological indicators: is it possible to biomonitor forest system degradation caused by cattle ranching activities in Argentina?. Vegetatio, 109-121." Effect of a domestic alien population (not assessed) Not considered as cattle is not feral but domestic LS; DJ January 2018 Bos taurus "Gustavsson, E., Lennartsson, T., & Emanuelsson, M. (2007). Land use more than 200years ago explains current grassland plant diversity in a Swedish agricultural landscape. Biological conservation, 138(1), 47-59" Effect of a domestic alien population (not assessed) Not considered as cattle is not feral but domestic LS; DJ January 2018 Bos taurus "Halbert, N. D., & Derr, J. N. (2007). A comprehensive evaluation of cattle introgression into US federal bison herds. Journal of Heredity, 98(1), 1-12." Effect of a domestic alien population (not assessed) Not considered as cattle is not feral but domestic LS; DJ January 2018 Bos taurus "Lindgren, P. M., & Sullivan, T. P. (2012). Response of plant community abundance and diversity during 10 years of cattle exclusion within silvopasture systems. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 42(3), 451-462." Effect of a domestic alien population (not assessed) Not considered as cattle is not feral but domestic LS; DJ January 2018 Bos taurus "Moço, G., Serrano, E., Guerreiro, M., Ferreira, A. F., Petrucci-Fonseca, F., Santana, D., ... & Pérez, J. M. (2014). Does livestock influence the diet of Iberian ibex Capra pyrenaica in the Peneda-Gerês National Park (Portugal)?. Mammalia, 78(3), 393-399." Effect of a domestic alien population (not assessed) Not considered as cattle is not feral but domestic LS; DJ January 2018 Bos taurus "Ponce-Guevara, E., Davidson, A., Sierra-Corona, R., & Ceballos, G. (2016). Interactive effects of black-tailed prairie dogs and cattle on shrub encroachment in a desert grassland ecosystem. PloS one, 11(5), e0154748." Effect of a domestic alien population (not assessed); No direct observations of impacts (secondary referencing) Not considered as cattle is not feral but domestic LS; DJ January 2018 Bos taurus "Van Auken, O. W. (2009). Causes and consequences of woody plant encroachment into western North American grasslands. Journal of Environmental Management, 90(10), 2931-2942." Effect of a domestic alien population (not assessed) Not considered as cattle is not feral but domestic and because it is a review LS; DJ January 2018 Bos taurus "Relva, M. A., & Veblen, T. T. (1998). Impacts of introduced large herbivores on Austrocedrus chilensis forests in northern Patagonia, Argentina. Forest Ecology and management, 108(1), 27-40." Effect of a domestic alien population (not assessed) Not considered as cattle is not feral but domestic LS; DJ January 2018 Bos taurus "Rusch, G. M., & Oesterheld, M. (1997). Relationship between productivity, and species and functional group diversity in grazed and non-grazed Pampas grassland. Oikos, 519-526." Effect of a domestic alien population (not assessed) Not considered as cattle is not feral but domestic LS; DJ January 2018 Bos taurus "Vavra, M., Laycock, W., Pieper, R., 1994. Ecological Implications of Livestock Herbivory in the West. Society for Range Management, Denver, CO 298pp" Effect of a domestic alien population (not assessed) Not considered as cattle is not feral but domestic LS; DJ January 2018 Bos taurus "Valone, T. J., & Sauter, P. (2005). Effects of long-term cattle exclosure on vegetation and rodents at a desertified arid grassland site. Journal of Arid Environments, 61(1), 161-170." Effect of a domestic alien population (not assessed) Not considered as cattle is not feral but domestic LS; DJ January 2018 Bos taurus "Raffaele E and Veblen TT (2001) Effects of cattle grazing on early regeneration of matorral in northwest Patagonia, Argentina.Natural Areas Journal 21: 243–249" Effect of a domestic alien population (not assessed) Not considered as cattle is not feral but domestic LS; DJ January 2018 Bos taurus "Veblen TT, Mermoz M, Mart´?n C and Kitzberger T (1992) Ecological impacts of introduced animals in Nahuel Huapi National Park, Argentina. Conservation Biology 6: 71–83" Effect of a domestic alien population (not assessed) Not considered as cattle is not feral but domestic LS; DJ January 2018 Bos taurus "Vila, A. R., & Borrelli, L. (2011). Cattle in the Patagonian forests: feeding ecology in Los Alerces National Reserve. Forest Ecology and Management, 261(7), 1306-1314." Effect of a domestic alien population (not assessed) Not considered as cattle is not feral but domestic LS; DJ January 2018 Bos taurus "Raffaele, E., Kitzberger, T., & Veblen, T. (2007). Interactive effects of introduced herbivores and post-flowering die-off of bamboos in Patagonian Nothofagus forests. Journal of Vegetation Science, 18(3), 371-378." Effect of a domestic alien population (not assessed) Not considered as cattle is not feral but domestic LS; DJ January 2018 Bos taurus "Smith, A.D., 1949. Effects of mule deer and livestock upon a foothill range in northern Utah. J. Wildl. Manage. 36, 4210423." Effect of a domestic alien population (not assessed) Not considered as cattle is not feral but domestic LS; DJ January 2018 Bos taurus "Vila, A.R., Borrelli, L., Martínez, L., 2009. Dietary overlap between huemul and livestock in Los Alerces National Park. J. Wildl. Manage. 73, 368–373." Effect of a domestic alien population (not assessed) Not considered as cattle is not feral but domestic; competition derived only by percentage of diet overlap LS; DJ January 2018 Bos taurus "Blackhall, M., Raffaele, E., & Veblen, T. T. (2008). Cattle affect early post-fire regeneration in a Nothofagus dombeyi–Austrocedrus chilensis mixed forest in northern Patagonia, Argentina. Biological conservation, 141(9), 2251-2261." Effect of a domestic alien population (not assessed) Not considered as cattle is not feral but domestic LS; DJ January 2018 Bos taurus "Raffaele, E., Veblen, T. T., Blackhall, M., & Tercero?Bucardo, N. (2011). Synergistic influences of introduced herbivores and fire on vegetation change in northern Patagonia, Argentina. Journal of Vegetation Science, 22(1), 59-71." Effect of a domestic alien population (not assessed) Not considered as cattle is not feral but domestic LS; DJ January 2018 Bos taurus "Acebes, P., Traba, J., & Malo, J. E. (2012). Co-occurrence and potential for competition between wild and domestic large herbivores in a South American desert. Journal of Arid Environments, 77, 39-44." Effect of a domestic alien population (not assessed) Domestic population (cattle) LS; DJ January 2018 Bos taurus "Chapuis, J. L., Boussès, P., & Barnaud, G. (1994). Alien mammals, impact and management in the French subantarctic islands. Biological Conservation, 67(2), 97-104." Does not contain direct observations of impacts (review) This article could be viewed as an inferred datatype (Hawkins framwork 5.1.1) so the most appropriate score to give based on the information is MR. The paper states that the data mentioned in it is from unpublished data. LS; DJ January 2018 Bos taurus "Cuddihy, L. W. Effects of cattle grazing on the mountain parkland ecosystem, Mauna Loa, Hawaii.Technical report University of Haitii at Manoa (1984)." Effect of a domestic alien population (not assessed) This study is not looking at feral cattle but livestock that is part of a ranch. LS; DJ January 2018 Bos taurus "Eldridge, D. J., Delgado-Baquerizo, M., Travers, S. K., Val, J. & Oliver, I. Do grazing intensity and herbivore type affect soil health? Insights from a semi-arid productivity gradient. J. Appl. Ecol. (2016). " Effect of a domestic alien population (not assessed) The population of cattle is part of domestic livestock. LS; DJ January 2018 Bos taurus "Kovac, K. J. & Mackay, D. A. An experimental study of the impacts of cattle on spider communities of artesian springs in South Australia. J. Insect Conserv. 13, 57–65 (2009)." "No evidence of a negative impact: an impact on the performance of native individuals or on the native population is not investigated, but inferred from another observation (the study informs on a potential risk posed by the alien)" "Impact of alien is simulated, they did not look at a specific alien population affecting native population. " LS; DJ January 2018 Bos taurus "Micol, T., & Jouventin, P. (1995). Restoration of Amsterdam Island, South Indian Ocean, following control of feral cattle. Biological conservation, 73(3), 199-206." No impact on native biota is investigated: impact on soil properties. The alien increases soil erosion and changes soil composition. LS; DJ January 2018 Bos taurus "Ovejero, R. J., Acebes, P., Malo, J. E., Traba, J., Torres, M. E. M., & Borghi, C. E. (2011). Lack of feral livestock interference with native guanaco during the dry season in a South American desert. European journal of wildlife research, 57(5), 1007-1015." "No evidence of a negative impact: an impact on the performance of native individuals or on the native population is not investigated, but inferred from another observation (the study informs on a potential risk posed by the alien)" Spatial overlap between alien and native species and have found low overlap between guanacos and cattle. The fitness of the native individuals has not been studied. LS; DJ January 2018 Bos taurus "Hatheway, W. H. (1952). Composition of certain native dry forests: Mokuleia, Oahu, TH. Ecological Monographs, 22(2), 153-168." Study not describing an impact transferrable into one of the EICAT categories LS; DJ January 2018 Bos taurus "Veblen, T. T., & Stewart, G. H. (1982). The effects of introduced wild animals on New Zealand forests. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 72(3), 372-397." Does not contain direct observations of impacts (review) History of mammals introductions in New Zealand. LV January 2018 Bos taurus "Frank, A. S. K., Wardle, G. M., Greenville, A. C. & Dickman, C. R. Cattle removal in arid Australia benefits kangaroos in high quality habitat but does not affect camels. Rangel. J. 38, 73–84 (2016)." "No evidence of a negative impact: an impact on the performance of native individuals or on the native population is not investigated, but inferred from another observation (the study informs on a potential risk posed by the alien)" "Even if avoidance of the cattle area was observed to happen in camels or kangoroos, it would not show that their fitness is affected by this avoidance behaviour." LV March 2019 Bos taurus "King, C. M., Innes, J. G., Smale, M. C., & Nugent, G. (2015). Protecting the Forest from Introduced Herbivores. In The Drama of Conservation (pp. 245-273). Springer International Publishing." Does not contain direct observations of impacts (review) This is a review paper. Cattle facilitated the arrival of deer and possums. LS; DJ January 2018 Bos taurus "Frank, A. S. K., Wardle, G. M., Greenville, A. C. & Dickman, C. R. Cattle removal in arid Australia benefits kangaroos in high quality habitat but does not affect camels. Rangel. J. 38, 73–84 (2016)." "No evidence of a negative impact: an impact on the performance of native individuals or on the native population is not investigated, but inferred from another observation (the study informs on a potential risk posed by the alien)" Testing interference competition (native indivudals avoid the alien) LS; LV March 2019 Boselaphus tragocamelus "Imperio, S., Focardi, S., Santini, G., & Provenzale, A. (2012). Population dynamics in a guild of four Mediterranean ungulates: density?dependence, environmental effects and inter?specific interactions. Oikos, 121(10), 1613-1626." Positive impact(s) The article explore population dynamic and potental competition between native and introduced species. Nilgai might have a positive impact facilitating other species LS January 2018 Bubalus bubalis "Monteiro F.J.C. (2009) Impactos ambientais causados pelos bufalos asselvajados nos campos inundaveis da estação ecologia de Maracà-Jipioca (costa Atlantica do Amapà). Msc Thesis, Universidade Federal do Amapá." Study not describing an impact transferrable into one of the EICAT categories "This thesis suggest several impacts of buffalos in Brasil. However, as the author use an impact score to define the severity of impact, it was not possible to translate the described impact according to the EICAT scheme. " LS January 2018 Bubalus bubalis "Petty, A. M., & Werner, P. A. (2010). How many buffalo does it take to change a savanna? A response to. Journal of Biogeography, 37(1), 193-195. " "Negative impact already assessed (the data used in this study have been published in another article, which has been assessed)" This is a commentary to Bowman et al 2008 which is included in direct evidence LS January 2018 Bubalus bubalis "Bowman, D. M., Prior, L. D., & Williamson, G. (2010). The roles of statistical inference and historical sources in understanding landscape change: the case of feral buffalo in the freshwater floodplains of Kakadu National Park. Journal of Biogeography, 37(1), 195-199." "Negative impact already assessed (the data used in this study have been published in another article, which has been assessed)" This is a commentary to Petty et al 2007 which is included in direct evidence and t Petty et al 2010 LS January 2018 Bubalus bubalis "Cowie, I. D., & Werner, P. A. (1993). Alien plant species invasive in Kakadu National Park, tropical northern Australia. Biological Conservation, 63(2), 127-135." "No evidence of a negative impact: an impact on the performance of native individuals or on the native population is not investigated, but inferred from another observation (the study informs on a potential risk posed by the alien)" The role of buffalos on the spread of invasive plant species is inferred; the impact of invasive plants on native plant species is not investigated LS January 2018 Bubalus bubalis "Werner, P. A. (2014). The rise and fall of the Asian water buffalo in the monsoonal tropics of northern Australia. Pp: 452-496 in: Prins, H. H., & Gordon, I. J. (Eds.). (2014). Invasion biology and ecological theory: Insights from a continent in transformation. Cambridge University Press." Does not contain direct observations of impacts (review) "Review on status, biology and impact of water buffalo in Australia. " LS January 2018 Bubalus bubalis "Werner, P. A., Cowie, I. D. & Cusack, J. S. Juvenile tree growth and demography in response to feral water buffalo in savannas of northern Australia: An experimental field study in Kakadu National Park. Aust. J. Bot. 54, 283–296 (2006)." Positive impact(s) LV March 2019 Bubalus bubalis "Werner, P. A. Impact of feral water buffalo and fire on growth and survival of mature savanna trees: An experimental field study in Kakadu National Park, northern Australia. Austral Ecol. 30, 625–647 (2005)." Positive impact(s) LV March 2019 Bubalus bubalis "Friend, G. R., & Cellier, K. M. (1990). Wetland herpetofauna of Kakadu National Park, Australia: seasonal richness trends, habitat preferences and the effects of feral ungulates. Journal of Tropical Ecology, 6(02), 131-152." "No evidence of a negative impact: an impact on the performance of native individuals or on the native population is not investigated, but inferred from another observation (the study informs on a potential risk posed by the alien)" The study mentions that the extent of feral animal impact cannot be quantified due to a lack of pre-buffalo and pig data LS; LV March 2019 Camelus dromedarius "Edwards, G. P., Zeng, B., Saalfeld, W. K., & Vaarzon-Morel, P. (2010). Evaluation of the impacts of feral camels. The Rangeland Journal, 32(1), 43-54. " Does not contain direct observations of impacts (review) Review on the economic and environmental impact of feral camels in Australia. LS January 2018 Camelus dromedarius "McBurnie, G., Davis, J., Thompson, R. M., Nano, C. & Brim-Box, J. The impacts of an invasive herbivore (Camelus dromedaries) on arid zone freshwater pools: An experimental investigation of the effects of dung on macroinvertebrate colonisation. J. Arid Environ. 113, 69–76 (2015)." "Impact observed in captivity or under experiment, but not transferable to the wild" LV July 2019 Capra hircus "Climo, F. M. ""The systematics, biology and zoogeography of the land snail fauna of Great Island, Three Kings Group, New Zealand."" Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand 3.4 (1973): 565627." Does not contain direct observations of impacts (potential impact) "This is a review of the status of snails on the Three Kings island, and how the population could be effected by introduced goats. " DJ November 2017 Capra hircus "Reeser, D. ""Reestablishment of native flora and fauna in Hawaii Volcanoes National Park."" (1976)." "No evidence of a negative impact: an impact on the performance of native individuals or on the native population is not investigated, but inferred from another observation (the study informs on a potential risk posed by the alien)" "This is a regeneration study. There is no direct observation of impact, only inference. " DJ November 2017 Capra hircus "Abe, Tetsuto, Takaya Yasui, and Shun’ichi Makino. ""Vegetation status on Nishijima Island (Ogasawara) before eradication of alien herbivore mammals: rapid expansion of an invasive alien tree, Casuarina equisetifolia (Casuarinaceae)."" Journal of forest research 16.6 (2011): 484491." "No evidence of a negative impact: an impact on the performance of native individuals or on the native population is not investigated, but inferred from another observation (the study informs on a potential risk posed by the alien)" "This is a regeneration study. There is no direct observation of impact, only inference." DJ November 2017 Capra hircus "Yocom, Charles F. ""Ecology of feral goats in Haleakala National Park, Maui, Hawaii."" American Midland Naturalist (1967): 418451." "No evidence of a negative impact: an impact on the performance of native individuals or on the native population is not investigated, but inferred from another observation (the study informs on a potential risk posed by the alien)" Study has only observed vegetation being browsed but there is no measure of individual fitness or population being effected. DJ December 2017 Capra hircus "Bayne, Paul, Robert Harden, and Ian Davies. ""Feral goats (Capra hircus L.) in the Macleay River gorge system, northeastern New South Wales, Australia. I. Impacts on soil erosion."" Wildlife Research 31.5 (2005): 519525." No impact on native biota is investigated: impact on soil properties. Study is well done and shows that goats cause soil erosion however they did not measure the impact of erosion on native biodiversity. DJ December 2017 Capra hircus "Leónde la Luz, José Luis, and Reymundo DomínguezCadena. ""Herbivory of feral goats on Espiritu Santo Island, Gulf of California, Mexico."" SIDA, Contributions to Botany (2006): 11351143." "No evidence of a negative impact: an impact on the performance of native individuals or on the native population is not investigated, but inferred from another observation (the study informs on a potential risk posed by the alien)" "Although the study has observed browsing by goats and speculates a decrease in fitness, it does not test for this. " DJ December 2017 Capra hircus "Pisanu, Philip, et al. ""Feral goats (Capra hircus L.) in the Macleay River gorge system, northeastern New South Wales, Australia. II. Impacts on rainforest vegetation."" Wildlife Research 32.2 (2005): 111119." "No evidence of a negative impact: an impact on the performance of native individuals or on the native population is not investigated, but inferred from another observation (the study informs on a potential risk posed by the alien)" Strong evidence for browsing by alien species but tests for fitness and population decline did not reveal any significant impact. Authors admit this was difficult to determine in their experiment. DJ December 2017 Capra hircus "Loague, Keith, et al. ""Land misuse and hydrologic response: Kaho'olawe, Hawai'i."" (1996)." "No evidence of a negative impact: an impact on the performance of native individuals or on the native population is not investigated, but inferred from another observation (the study informs on a potential risk posed by the alien)" Study does not measure fitness. DJ December 2017 Capra hircus "Veblen, T. T., & Stewart, G. H. (1982). The effects of introduced wild animals on New Zealand forests. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 72(3), 372-397." Does not contain direct observations of impacts (review) History of mammals introductions in New Zealand. LV January 2018 Capra hircus "Forsyth, D. M., Coomes, D. A., Nugent, G., & Hall, G. M. J. (2002). Diet and diet preferences of introduced ungulates (Order: Artiodactyla) in New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Zoology, 29(4), 323-343." "No evidence of a negative impact: an impact on the performance of native individuals or on the native population is not investigated, but inferred from another observation (the study informs on a potential risk posed by the alien)" Description of the diet of the alien (the effect of the alien action on the performance of the natives is not tested) LV October 2017 Capra hircus "Rodríguez-Piñero, J. C., & Rodríguez-Luengo, J. L. (1993). The effect of herbivores on the endemic Canary flora." "No evidence of a negative impact: an impact on the performance of native individuals or on the native population is not investigated, but inferred from another observation (the study informs on a potential risk posed by the alien)" Description of the diet of the alien (the effect of the alien action on the performance of the natives is not tested) LV June 2019 Capra hircus "Rivera?Parra, Jose L., Kenneth M. Levenstein, James C. Bednarz, F. Hernan Vargas, Victor Carrion, and Patricia G. Parker. ""Implications of goat eradication on the survivorship of the Galapagos Hawk."" The Journal of Wildlife Management 76, no. 6 (2012): 1197-1204." Positive impact(s) DJ March 2019 Capra hircus "Eckhardt, R. C. (1972). Introduced plants and animals in the Galapagos Islands. Bioscience, 22(10), 585-590." Does not contain direct observations of impacts (review) LV July 2019 Capra hircus "Osawa, T., Hata, K., & Kachi, N. (2016). Eradication of feral goats enhances expansion of the invasive shrub Leucaena leucocephala on Nakoudo?jima, an oceanic island. Weed Research, 56(2), 168-178." Positive impact(s) The alien prevents the expansion of na invasive shrub. LV July 2019 Capra hircus "Merlin, Mark D., and James O. Juvik. ""Relationships among native and alien plants on Pacific islands with and without significant human disturbance and feral ungulates."" Alien Plant Invasions in Native Ecosystems of Hawai’i: Management and Research (1992): 597624." Does not contain direct observations of impacts (review) LV July 2019 Capra hircus "Relva, M. A., & Veblen, T. T. (1998). Impacts of introduced large herbivores on Austrocedrus chilensis forests in northern Patagonia, Argentina. Forest Ecology and management, 108(1), 27-40." Effect of a domestic alien population (not assessed) LV July 2019 Capra hircus "Bayne, Paul, Robert Harden, and Ian Davies. ""Feral goats (Capra hircus L.) in the Macleay River gorge system, north-eastern New South Wales, Australia. I. Impacts on soil erosion."" Wildlife Research 31, no. 5 (2005): 519-525." No impact on native biota is investigated: impact on soil properties. Impact on native biota is inferred. This is a study looking at soil erosion and any impacts on native species is inferred. DJ; LV June 2019 Capra hircus "Panitsa, M., Tzanoudakis, D., Triantis, K. A., & Sfenthourakis, S. (2006). Patterns of species richness on very small islands: the plants of the Aegean archipelago. Journal of Biogeography, 33(7), 1223-1234." Effect of a domestic alien population (not assessed) DJ March 2019 Capra hircus "Randriamalala, J. R., Radosy, H. O., Razanaka, S., Randriambanona, H., & Hervé, D. (2016). Effects of goat grazing and woody charcoal production on xerophytic thickets of southwestern Madagascar. Journal of Arid Environments, 128, 65-72." Effect of a domestic alien population (not assessed) DJ March 2019 Capra hircus "Pafilis, P., Anastasiou, I., Sagonas, K., & Valakos, E. D. (2013). Grazing by goats on islands affects the populations of an endemic M editerranean lizard. Journal of Zoology, 290(4), 255-264." Effect of a domestic alien population (not assessed) DJ March 2019 Capra hircus "Schweizer, D., Jones, H. P., & Holmes, N. D. (2016). literature review and meta-analysis of vegetation responses to goat and European rabbit eradications on islands. Pacific science, 70(1), 55-72." Does not contain direct observations of impacts (review) LV August 2019 Capra hircus "Schofield, E. K. (1989). Effects of introduced plants and animals on island vegetation: examples from Galápagos Archipelago. Conservation Biology, 3(3), 227-239." Does not contain direct observations of impacts (review) LV September 2019 Capra hircus "Henderson, S., & Dawson, T. P. (2009). Alien invasions from space observations: detecting feral goat impacts on Isla Isabela, Galapagos Islands with the AVHRR. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 30(2), 423-433." "Negative impact already assessed (the data used in this study have been published in another article, which has been assessed)" The aim of the study was to determine whether NDVI values derived from pre-processed AVHRR 1.1km2 resolution datasets can be used to detect approximately when and where feral goats may have impacted the vegetation. The impact on the vegetation has already been reported in other articles. LV September 2019 Capra hircus "Garcillán, P. P., Vega, E. R. N. E. S. T. O., & López-Reyes, E. U. L. O. G. I. O. (2009). Recruitment response of Guadalupe cypress (Callitropsis guadalupensis) three years after goat eradication on Guadalupe Island. In Proceedings of the 7th California Islands Symposium. Arcata: Institute for Wildlife Studies (pp. 177-183)." "Negative impact already assessed (the data used in this study have been published in another article, which has been assessed)" "A decline in the native population is already described in another source. In this article, the authors were interested in the recruitement response of the native population." LV September 2019 Capra hircus "Chirichella, R., Ciuti, S., & Apollonio, M. (2013). Effects of livestock and non-native mouflon on use of high-elevation pastures by Alpine chamois. Mammalian Biology-Zeitschrift für Säugetierkunde, 78(5), 344-350." Effect of a domestic alien population (not assessed) LV October 2019 Capra hircus "Fitzgerald, B. M., and J. A. Gibb. ""Introduced mammals in a New Zealand forest: longterm research in the Orongorongo Valley."" Biological Conservation 99.1 (2001): 97108.)" Does not contain direct observations of impacts (secondary referencing) LV December 2019 Capreolus capreolus "Khlyap, L. A., Bobrov, V. V., & Warshavsky, A. A. (2010). Biological Invasions on Russian territory: mammals. Russian Journal of Biological Invasions, 1(2), 127-140." Re-introduced population (not assessed) LV July 2019 Capreolus capreolus "The National Biodiversity Data Centre (2014). National Invasive Species Database. O'Rourke, E., Lysaght, L. (2014). Risk Assessment of Capreolus capreolus. " Does not contain direct observations of impacts (risk assessment) LV July 2019 Capreolus capreolus "Randi, E. (2005). Management of wild ungulate populations in Italy: captive-breeding, hybridisation and genetic consequences of translocations. Veterinary Research Communications, 29(2), 71-75." Re-introduced population (not assessed) Translocation of captive-reproduced stocks for local reintroductions or restocking of exploited wild populations. LV September 2019 Cervus canadensis "Coomes, D. A., Allen, R. B., Forsyth, D. M., & Lee, W. G. (2003). Factors preventing the recovery of New Zealand forests following control of invasive deer. Conservation Biology, 17(2), 450-459." Does not contain direct observations of impacts (review) LV January 2018 Cervus canadensis "Jung, T. S., Stotyn, S. A., & Czetwertynski, S. M. (2015). Dietary overlap and potential competition in a dynamic ungulate community in northwestern Canada. The Journal of Wildlife Management, 79(8), 1277-1285." "No evidence of a negative impact: an impact on the performance of native individuals or on the native population is not investigated, but inferred from another observation (the study informs on a potential risk posed by the alien)" Diet overlap LV September 2019 Cervus canadensis "Králová-Hromadová, Ivica, et al. ""Multiple origins of European populations of the giant liver fluke Fascioloides magna (Trematoda: Fasciolidae), a liver parasite of ruminants."" International journal for parasitology 41.3-4 (2011): 373-383." Does not contain direct observations of impacts (review) DJ February 2018 Cervus canadensis "Paul Mason (1994) Parasites of deer in New Zealand, New Zealand Journal of Zoology, 21:1, 39-47, DOI: 10.1080/03014223.1994.9517974" Does not contain direct observations of impacts (review) DJ February 2018 Cervus canadensis "Lanfranchi, P., et al. ""The red deer as reservoir of parasitic and infectious pathogens for cattle."" Annali della Facoltà di Medicina Veterinaria di Torino 30 (1985): 3-17." Does not contain direct observations of impacts (review) DJ February 2018 Cervus canadensis "Pérez-Espona, S., F. J. Pérez-Barbería, and J. M. Pemberton. ""Assessing the impact of past wapiti introductions into Scottish Highland red deer populations using a Y chromosome marker."" Mammalian Biology-Zeitschrift für Säugetierkunde 76.5 (2011): 640-643." "Impact observed in captivity or under experiment, but not transferable to the wild" There has been no wild populations of cervus canadensis in the British Isles (Cervus canadensis has been hybridised with Cervus elaphus within exclosures). LV July 2019 Cervus canadensis "Smith, Stephanie L., et al. ""Introgression of exotic Cervus (nippon and canadensis) into red deer (Cervus elaphus) populations in Scotland and the English Lake District."" Ecology and Evolution (2018)." "Impact observed in captivity or under experiment, but not transferable to the wild" There has been no wild populations of cervus canadensis in the British Isles (Cervus canadensis has been hybridised with Cervus elaphus within exclosures). LV July 2019 Cervus canadensis "Putman, Rory, Marco Apollonio, and Reidar Andersen, eds. Ungulate management in Europe: problems and practices. Cambridge University Press, 2011." Does not contain direct observations of impacts (review) LV July 2019 Cervus canadensis "Boonstra, Rudy, et al. ""Impact of rewilding, species introductions and climate change on the structure and function of the Yukon boreal forest ecosystem."" Integrative zoology 13.2 (2018): 123-138." Re-introduced population (not assessed) LV September 2019 Cervus canadensis "Smith, D. S., Lau, M. K., Jacobs, R., Monroy, J. A., Shuster, S. M., & Whitham, T. G. (2015). Rapid plant evolution in the presence of an introduced species alters community composition. Oecologia, 179(2), 563-572." "Negative impact already assessed (the data used in this study have been published in another article, which has been assessed)" "Common garden experiment to test plant evolution in response to the alien presence. The impact happening in the wild has been reported in another article from Smith et al. (2015), which has been classified." LV September 2019 Cervus elaphus "Bahamonde, Nora, Susana Martin, and Alicia Pelliza Sbriller. ""Diet of guanaco and red deer in Neuquen Province, Argentina."" Journal of Range Management (1986): 2224." "No evidence of a negative impact: an impact on the performance of native individuals or on the native population is not investigated, but inferred from another observation (the study informs on a potential risk posed by the alien)" Description of the diet of the alien (the effect of the alien action on the performance of the natives is not tested) DJ December 2017 Cervus elaphus "Forsyth, D. M., S. J. Richardson, and K. Menchenton. ""Foliar fibre predicts diet selection by invasive red deer Cervus elaphus scoticus in a temperate New Zealand forest."" Functional Ecology 19.3 (2005): 495504." "No evidence of a negative impact: an impact on the performance of native individuals or on the native population is not investigated, but inferred from another observation (the study informs on a potential risk posed by the alien)" Description of the diet of the alien (the effect of the alien action on the performance of the natives is not tested) DJ December 2017 Cervus elaphus "LANTSCHNER, MARÍA?VICTORIA, Veronica Rusch, and John P. Hayes. ""Do exotic pine plantations favour the spread of invasive herbivorous mammals in Patagonia?."" Austral Ecology 38.3 (2013): 338345." "No evidence of a negative impact: an impact on the performance of native individuals or on the native population is not investigated, but inferred from another observation (the study informs on a potential risk posed by the alien)" This is a habitat suitability study DJ December 2017 Cervus elaphus "Mark, A. F., and G. T. S. Baylis. ""Impact of deer on Secretary Island, Fiordland, New Zealand."" Proceedings (New Zealand Ecological Society). New Zealand Ecological Society (Inc.), 1975." "No evidence of a negative impact: an impact on the performance of native individuals or on the native population is not investigated, but inferred from another observation (the study informs on a potential risk posed by the alien)" There is observation of browsing however the effect of that browsing on native plants was not quantified. They speculated at ringbarking causes death but there is no evidence that this is happening or that the alien species is inadvertantly causing this. DJ December 2017 Cervus elaphus "Wood, Jamie R., et al. ""Novel interactions between non?native mammals and fungi facilitate establishment of invasive pines."" Journal of Ecology 103.1 (2015): 121129." "No evidence of a negative impact: an impact on the performance of native individuals or on the native population is not investigated, but inferred from another observation (the study informs on a potential risk posed by the alien)" "Although the study has observed and shown that red deer are carriers of EM fungi and that seedlings are infected, they do not test for fitness or how the seedlings are effected by the fungi. " DJ December 2017 Cervus elaphus "Relva, María Andrea, Christian López Westerholm, and Thomas Kitzberger. ""Effects of introduced ungulates on forest understory communities in northern Patagonia are modified by timing and severity of stand mortality."" Plant Ecology 201.1 (2009): 1122." "No evidence of a negative impact: an impact on the performance of native individuals or on the native population is not investigated, but inferred from another observation (the study informs on a potential risk posed by the alien)" Description of the diet of the alien (the effect of the alien action on the performance of the natives is not tested) DJ December 2017 Cervus elaphus "Coomes, D. A., Allen, R. B., Forsyth, D. M., & Lee, W. G. (2003). Factors preventing the recovery of New Zealand forests following control of invasive deer. Conservation Biology, 17(2), 450-459." Does not contain direct observations of impacts (review) LV January 2018 Cervus elaphus "Veblen, T. T., & Stewart, G. H. (1982). The effects of introduced wild animals on New Zealand forests. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 72(3), 372-397." Does not contain direct observations of impacts (review) History of mammals introductions in New Zealand. LV January 2018 Cervus elaphus "Forsyth, D. M., Coomes, D. A., Nugent, G., & Hall, G. M. J. (2002). Diet and diet preferences of introduced ungulates (Order: Artiodactyla) in New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Zoology, 29(4), 323-343." "No evidence of a negative impact: an impact on the performance of native individuals or on the native population is not investigated, but inferred from another observation (the study informs on a potential risk posed by the alien)" Description of the diet of the alien (the effect of the alien action on the performance of the natives is not tested) LV October 2017 Cervus elaphus "Virtanen, R., Edwards, G. R., & Crawley, M. J. (2002). Red deer management and vegetation on the Isle of Rum. Journal of Applied Ecology, 39(4), 572-583." Re-introduced population (not assessed) LV July 2018 Cervus elaphus "Flueck, W. T., & Jones, A. (2006). Potential existence of a sylvatic cycle of Taenia ovis krabbei in Patagonia, Argentina. Veterinary Parasitology, 135(3-4), 381-383." "No evidence of a negative impact: an impact on the performance of native individuals or on the native population is not investigated, but inferred from another observation (the study informs on a potential risk posed by the alien)" Suspicions of detection of Taenia ovis krabbei in Cervus elaphus individuals. LV July 2018 Cervus elaphus "Mark, A. F. ""Ecology of snow tussocks in the mountain grasslands of New Zealand."" Plant Ecology 18.1 (1969): 289306." Too vague description of the impact to classify it "Alien is mentioned to have ""serious modification and in many areas, deterioration of the vegetation.""" DJ July 2017 Cervus elaphus "Veblen TT, Mermoz M, Mart´?n C and Kitzberger T (1992) Ecological impacts of introduced animals in Nahuel Huapi National Park, Argentina. Conservation Biology 6: 71–83" "Negative impact already assessed (the data used in this study have been published in another article, which has been assessed)" Larger-scale study that looks at the impact of many introduced animals. We did not classify this study because the data about introduced ungulates (introduced on Isla Victoria) have been reported in Veble et al. 1989. LV July 2019 Cervus elaphus "Veblen TT, Mermoz M, Mart´?n C and Kitzberger T (1992) Ecological impacts of introduced animals in Nahuel Huapi National Park, Argentina. Conservation Biology 6: 71–83" "Negative impact already assessed (the data used in this study have been published in another article, which has been assessed)" Larger-scale study that looks at the impact of many introduced animals. We did not classify this study because the data about introduced ungulates (introduced on Isla Victoria) have been reported in Veblen et al. 1989. LV July 2019 Cervus elaphus "Randi, E. (2005). Management of wild ungulate populations in Italy: captive-breeding, hybridisation and genetic consequences of translocations. Veterinary Research Communications, 29(2), 71-75." Re-introduced population (not assessed) Translocation of captive-reproduced stocks for local reintroductions or restocking of exploited wild populations. LV September 2019 Cervus nippon "Böhm, M., White, P. C., Daniels, M. J., Allcroft, D. J., Munro, R., & Hutchings, M. R. (2006). The health of wild red and sika deer in Scotland: an analysis of key endoparasites and recommendations for monitoring disease. The Veterinary Journal, 171(2), 287294." "No evidence of a negative impact: an impact on the performance of native individuals or on the native population is not investigated, but inferred from another observation (the study informs on a potential risk posed by the alien)" "Description of the parasites of Sika deer; The transmission to native wildlife has not been shown, and the impact of the parasite on the fitness of the native wildlife either." LV January 2018 Cervus nippon "Gibbs, E. P. J., K. A. J. Herniman, and M. J. P. Lawman. ""Studies with footandmouth disease virus in British deer (muntjac and sika): Clinical disease, recovery of virus and serological response."" Journal of comparative pathology 85.3 (1975): 361366." "No evidence of a negative impact: an impact on the performance of native individuals or on the native population is not investigated, but inferred from another observation (the study informs on a potential risk posed by the alien)" Persistent pharyngeal infection is detected in Sika deer; The transmission to native ungulates has not been shown. LV January 2018 Cervus nippon "Dzi?cio?owski, R. (1979). Structure and spatial organization of deer populations. Acta theriologica, 24(1), 321." "No evidence of a negative impact: an impact on the performance of native individuals or on the native population is not investigated, but inferred from another observation (the study informs on a potential risk posed by the alien)" "Habitat overlap to show competition with Cervus elaphus, Dama dama and Capreolus capreolus." LV January 2018 Cervus nippon "Keiper, Ronald R. ""Biology of large grazing mammals on the Virginia barrier islands."" Virginia Journal of Science 41, no. 4 (1990): 352363." "No evidence of a negative impact: an impact on the performance of native individuals or on the native population is not investigated, but inferred from another observation (the study informs on a potential risk posed by the alien)" Diet overlap (fecal analysis) to show competition with Odocoileus virginianus. LV January 2018 Cervus nippon "Dró?d?, Jan, Aleksander W. Demiaszkiewicz, and Jacek Lachowicz. ""Expansion of the Asiatic parasite Ashworthius sidemi (Nematoda, Trichostrongylidae) in wild ruminants in Polish territory."" Parasitology research 89.2 (2003): 9497." "No evidence of a negative impact: an impact on the performance of native individuals or on the native population is not investigated, but inferred from another observation (the study informs on a potential risk posed by the alien)" "Finding of Aswhorthius sidemi in Cervus elaphus, Capreolus capreolus and Bison bonasus; No description of the impact of the parasite on their fitness." LV January 2018 Cervus nippon "Ferté, H., Cléva, D., Depaquit, J., Gobert, S., & Léger, N. (2000). Status and origin of Haemonchinae (Nematoda: Trichostrongylidae) in deer: a survey conducted in France from 1985 to 1998. Parasitology research, 86(7), 582587." "No evidence of a negative impact: an impact on the performance of native individuals or on the native population is not investigated, but inferred from another observation (the study informs on a potential risk posed by the alien)" "Prevalence of Ashworthius in Cervus elaphus is of 40% (10/25); The impact on the fitness of Cervus elaphus has not been studied (no individuals were found dead, only hunter-killed individuals were examined)." LV January 2018 Cervus nippon "Kuzmina, T., Kharchenko, V., & Malega, A. (2010). Helminth fauna of Roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) in Ukraine: biodiversity and Parasite community. Vestnik zoologii, 44(1), e12." "No evidence of a negative impact: an impact on the performance of native individuals or on the native population is not investigated, but inferred from another observation (the study informs on a potential risk posed by the alien)" "Ashworthius sidemi can be found in Capreolus capreolus, and it is mentioned that it is Cervus nippon that transmitted the parasite; but no information of the effect of A. sidemi on the fitness of Capreolus capreolus is given." LV January 2018 Cervus nippon "Demiaszkiewicz, A. W., Lachowicz, J., & Osinska, B. (2009). Ashworthius sidemi (Nematoda, Trichostrongylidae) in wild ruminants in Bialowieza Forest. Polish journal of veterinary sciences, 12(3), 385." "No evidence of a negative impact: an impact on the performance of native individuals or on the native population is not investigated, but inferred from another observation (the study informs on a potential risk posed by the alien)" "Ashworthius sidemi, transmitted by Sika deer, has colonised Cervus elpahus, Capreolus capreolus, Cervus canadensis, Ovis orientalis; no information of the effect of the parasite on the fitness of these species; it does not seem to be a direct evidence (but no article is quoted)." LV January 2018 Cervus nippon "DEMARAIS, Stephen, et al. ""In vitro digestibility of forages by coexisting deer species in Texas."" The Texas journal of science 55.2 (2003): 175182." "No evidence of a negative impact: an impact on the performance of native individuals or on the native population is not investigated, but inferred from another observation (the study informs on a potential risk posed by the alien)" In vitro digestible dry matter was estimated (using rumen inocula) to show the competitive advantage of Cervus nippon over Odocoileus virginianus. LV January 2018 Cervus nippon "Jackley, J. J. 1991. Dietary overlap among axis, fallow, sika and whitetailed deer in the Edwards Plateau region of Texas. Master’s Thesis, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA. " "No evidence of a negative impact: an impact on the performance of native individuals or on the native population is not investigated, but inferred from another observation (the study informs on a potential risk posed by the alien)" Diet overlap to show competition with Odocoileus virginianus. LV January 2018 Cervus nippon "Acevedo, P., Ward, A. I., Real, R., & Smith, G. C. (2010). Assessing biogeographical relationships of ecologically related species using favourability functions: a case study on British deer. Diversity and Distributions, 16(4), 515528." "No evidence of a negative impact: an impact on the performance of native individuals or on the native population is not investigated, but inferred from another observation (the study informs on a potential risk posed by the alien)" No habitat overlap to refute competition with Capreolus capreolus and Cervus elaphus LV January 2018 Cervus nippon "Putman, R. J. ""Competition and coexistence in a multispecies grazing system."" Acta Theriologica 31, no. 21 (1986): 271291." "No evidence of a negative impact: an impact on the performance of native individuals or on the native population is not investigated, but inferred from another observation (the study informs on a potential risk posed by the alien)" "High potential for competition with Dama dama (according to diet overlap study), however in practice the species are geographically isolated (analyses of use of habitat, forage and time)." LV January 2018 Cervus nippon "Davidson, M. M. (1973). Characteristics, liberation and dispersal of sika deer (Cervus nippon) in New Zealand. New Zealand Forest Service." "No evidence of a negative impact: an impact on the performance of native individuals or on the native population is not investigated, but inferred from another observation (the study informs on a potential risk posed by the alien)" Description of the diet of the alien (the effect of the alien action on the performance of the natives is not tested) LV January 2018 Cervus nippon "Keiper, R. R. (1990). Biology of large grazing mammals on the Virginia barrier islands. Virginia Journal of Science, 41(4), 352-363." "No evidence of a negative impact: an impact on the performance of native individuals or on the native population is not investigated, but inferred from another observation (the study informs on a potential risk posed by the alien)" Faecal analyses to determine the diet and the diet overlap with white-tailed deer LV January 2018 Cervus nippon "Putman, R. J., & Moore, N. P. (1998). Impact of deer in lowland Britain on agriculture, forestry and conservation habitats. Mammal Review, 28(4), 141-164." Does not contain direct observations of impacts (review) LV January 2018 Cervus nippon "Coomes, D. A., Allen, R. B., Forsyth, D. M., & Lee, W. G. (2003). Factors preventing the recovery of New Zealand forests following control of invasive deer. Conservation Biology, 17(2), 450-459." Does not contain direct observations of impacts (review) LV January 2018 Cervus nippon "Veblen, T. T., & Stewart, G. H. (1982). The effects of introduced wild animals on New Zealand forests. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 72(3), 372-397." Does not contain direct observations of impacts (review) History of mammals introductions in New Zealand. LV January 2018 Cervus nippon "Forsyth, D. M., Coomes, D. A., Nugent, G., & Hall, G. M. J. (2002). Diet and diet preferences of introduced ungulates (Order: Artiodactyla) in New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Zoology, 29(4), 323-343." "No evidence of a negative impact: an impact on the performance of native individuals or on the native population is not investigated, but inferred from another observation (the study informs on a potential risk posed by the alien)" Description of the diet of the alien (the effect of the alien action on the performance of the natives is not tested) LV October 2017 Cervus nippon "McCullough, D. R., Takatsuki, S., & Kaji, K. (Eds.). (2008). Sika deer: biology and management of native and introduced populations. Springer Science & Business Media." Does not contain direct observations of impacts (review) LV October 2017 Cervus nippon "Pérez-Espona, S., Pemberton, J. M., & Putman, R. (2009). Red and sika deer in the British Isles, current management issues and management policy. Mammalian Biology-Zeitschrift für Säugetierkunde, 74(4), 247-262." Does not contain direct observations of impacts (review) LV October 2017 Cervus nippon "Gill, R. M. A. (1992). A review of damage by mammals in north temperate forests: 1. Deer. Forestry: An International Journal of Forest Research, 65(2), 145-169." Does not contain direct observations of impacts (review) LV October 2017 Cervus nippon "McLaughlan, C., Gallardo, B., & Aldridge, D. C. (2014). How complete is our knowledge of the ecosystem services impacts of Europe's top 10 invasive species?. Acta Oecologica, 54, 119-130." Does not contain direct observations of impacts (review) LV October 2017 Cervus nippon "Welch, D., Carss, D.N., Gornall, J., Manchester, S.J., Marquiss, M., Preston, C.D., Telfer, M.G., Arnold, H., Holbrook, J., 2001. An audit of alien species in Scotland. Scottish Natural Heritage Review 139, 225 pp." Does not contain direct observations of impacts (secondary referencing) LV October 2017 Cervus nippon "Ratcliffe, P. R. 1987. Distribution and current status of Sika deer, Cervus nippon, in Great Britain. Mamma/ Review 17: 39-58." Does not contain direct observations of impacts (review) LV October 2017 Cervus nippon "Bohm, M., White, P.C.L., Chambers, J., Smith, L., Hutchings, M.R., 2007. Wild deer as a source of infection for livestock and humans in the UK. Veterinary Journal 174, 260–276." Does not contain direct observations of impacts (review) LV October 2017 Cervus nippon "Baiwy, E., Schockert, V. & Branquart, E. (2013) Risk analysis of the sika deer, Cervus nippon, Risk analysis report of non-native organisms in Belgium. Cellule interdépartementale sur les Espèces invasives (CiEi), DGO3, SPW / Editions, 38 pages." Does not contain direct observations of impacts (risk assessment) LV October 2017 Cervus nippon "Abernethy, K. (1994). The establishment of a hybrid zone between red and sika deer (genus Cervus). Molecular Ecology, 3(6), 551562." Refuted impact "They found extensive hybridisation between Cervus nippon and Cervus elaphus in Scotland; However, in Goodman et al. (1999), they mention that the markers used in this study are now known to be non-diagnostic in Scottish populations [the two protein loci scored by Abernethy were polymorphic within even the northernmost samples of red deer. These loci were treated as diagnostic and were included in a single “hybrid index”; thus, a high frequency of hybrids was inferred well to the north, and the clines for mtDNA and nuclear loci appeared to be staggered.]" LV December 2017 Cervus nippon "Senn, H. V., Barton, N. H., Goodman, S. J., Swanson, G. M., Abernethy, K. A., & Pemberton, J. M. (2010). Investigating temporal changes in hybridization and introgression in a predominantly bimodal hybridizing population of invasive sika (Cervus nippon) and native red deer (C. elaphus) on the Kintyre Peninsula, Scotland. Molecular Ecology, 19(5), 910924." "Negative impact already assessed (the data used in this study have been published in another article, which has been assessed)" "They assess the gene flow over time between red deer and sika, through analysis of three sample sets collected in 1991/2 (Abernethy (1994) and Goodman et al. (1999), data reanalysed for this study), 1996/7 (previously unpublished) and 2006/7 (Chapter 2)." LV December 2017 Cervus nippon "Senn, H. V., Swanson, G. M., Goodman, S. J., Barton, N. H., & Pemberton, J. M. (2010). Phenotypic correlates of hybridisation between red and sika deer (genus Cervus). Journal of Animal Ecology, 79(2), 414425." "Negative impact already assessed (the data used in this study have been published in another article, which has been assessed)" Data from Senn & Pemberton (2009) are used to assess the extent to which hybridisation between them is causing phenotypic change. LV December 2017 Cervus nippon "Diaz, A., Hughes, S., Putman, R., Mogg, R., & Bond, J. M. (2006). A genetic study of sika (Cervus nippon) in the New Forest and in the Purbeck region, southern England: is there evidence of recent or past hybridization with red deer (Cervus elaphus)?. Journal of Zoology, 270(2), 227235." "No evidence of a negative impact: an impact on the performance of native individuals or on the native population is not investigated, but inferred from another observation (the study informs on a potential risk posed by the alien)" This study investigates the genetic composition of the alien Cervus nippon (level of introgression of the native Cervus elaphus DNA into tthe alien Cervus nippon DNA) but did not investigate the level of introgression of the alien Cervus nippon DNA into the native Cervus elaphus DNA. LV January 2018 Cervus nippon Burkitt T. D. (2009) A comparison of ecology between sympatic native red deer (Cervus elaphus Linnaeus 1758) and introduced japanese Sika deer (Cervus nippon nippon Temminck 1836) populations in Southwest Ireland. (2009). "No evidence of a negative impact: an impact on the performance of native individuals or on the native population is not investigated, but inferred from another observation (the study informs on a potential risk posed by the alien)" Shift in the habitat use of Cervus elaphus caused by the competition with Cervus nippon (but they did not investigate whether this shift led to a decrease in the fitness of Cervus elaphus) LV January 2018 Cervus nippon "Kalb, D. M. (2015). Sika deer introduction, population genetics, and their competition with whitetailed deer (PhD thesis University of Delaware)." "No evidence of a negative impact: an impact on the performance of native individuals or on the native population is not investigated, but inferred from another observation (the study informs on a potential risk posed by the alien)" "Shift in the habitat use of Odocoileus virginianus caused by the competition with Cervus nippon (but they did not investigate whether this shift led to a decrease in the fitness of Odocoileus virginianus, even though it is probable since they detected a decrease in winter nutritional quality of the diet of Odocoileus virgininanus in the presence of Cervus nippon)" LV January 2018 Cervus nippon "Ko?odziej-Soboci?ska, M., Demiaszkiewicz, A. W., Pyziel, A. M., Marczuk, B., & Kowalczyk, R. (2016). Does the blood-sucking nematode Ashworthius sidemi (Trichostrongylidae) cause deterioration of blood parameters in European bison (Bison bonasus)?. European Journal of Wildlife Research, 62(6), 781-785." "No evidence of a negative impact: an impact on the performance of native individuals or on the native population is not investigated, but inferred from another observation (the study informs on a potential risk posed by the alien)" No investigation of the effect of Aswhorthius sidemi on the general fitness of the Bison bonasus individuals (only blood parameters). LV March 2018 Cervus nippon "Cross, J. R. (1981). The establishment of Rhododendron ponticum in the Killarney oakwoods, SW Ireland. The Journal of Ecology, 807-824." "No evidence of a negative impact: an impact on the performance of native individuals or on the native population is not investigated, but inferred from another observation (the study informs on a potential risk posed by the alien)" The study is not investigating how much Cervus nippon is increasing the magnitude of the impact of Rhododendron ponticum (no comparison of the impact of Rhododendron ponticum in the presence and absence of Cervus nippon). LV March 2018 Cervus nippon "Drózdz, J., Demiaszkiewicz, A. W., & Lachowicz, J. (1998). Ashworthius sidemi [Nematoda, Trichostrongylidae] a new parasite of the European bison Bison bonasus [L.] and the question of independence of A. gagarini. Acta Parasitologica, 2(43)." "No evidence of a negative impact: an impact on the performance of native individuals or on the native population is not investigated, but inferred from another observation (the study informs on a potential risk posed by the alien)" Finding of Aswhorthius sidemi in 4 Bison bonasus that were shot; No description of the impact of the parasite on their fitness. LV March 2018 Cervus nippon "Harrington, Rory. ""Hybridisation among deer and its implications for conservation."" Irish Forestry (1973)." Does not contain direct observations of impacts (secondary referencing) LV March 2018 Cervus nippon "Osi?ska, B., Demiaszkiewicz, a W. & Lachowicz, J. Pathological lesions in European bison (Bison bonasus) with infestation by Ashworthius sidemi (Nematoda, Trichostrongtlidae). Pol. J. Vet. Sci. 13, 63–7 (2010)." "No evidence of a negative impact: an impact on the performance of native individuals or on the native population is not investigated, but inferred from another observation (the study informs on a potential risk posed by the alien)" No investigation of the effect of Aswhorthius sidemi on the general fitness of the Bison bonasus individuals (description of the effects only on the walls of abomasa and duodena). LV March 2018 Cervus nippon "Senn, H. V. & Pemberton, J. M. Variable extent of hybridization between invasive sika (Cervus nippon) and native red deer (C. elaphus) in a small geographical area. Mol. Ecol. 18, 862–876 (2009)." "Negative impact already assessed (the data used in this study have been published in another article, which has been assessed)" Data have been reused in a larger-scale study (Smith et al. 2018). We did not classify this study (only Smith et al. 2018) to avoid double count. LV July 2019 Cervus nippon "Simensen S.M. and Eichhorn M.P. (2012) Assessment of the threat of herbivory by rabbits, Sika deer, and feral goats to Lundy cabbage (Coincya wrightiii) through faecal analysis. Journal of the Lundy Field Society, 3: 2532.)" "No evidence of a negative impact: an impact on the performance of native individuals or on the native population is not investigated, but inferred from another observation (the study informs on a potential risk posed by the alien)" Description of the diet of the alien (the effect of the alien action on the performance of the natives is not tested) LV January 2018 Cervus timorensis "Coomes, D. A., Allen, R. B., Forsyth, D. M., & Lee, W. G. (2003). Factors preventing the recovery of New Zealand forests following control of invasive deer. Conservation Biology, 17(2), 450-459." Does not contain direct observations of impacts (review) LV January 2018 Cervus timorensis "Veblen, T. T., & Stewart, G. H. (1982). The effects of introduced wild animals on New Zealand forests. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 72(3), 372-397." Does not contain direct observations of impacts (review) History of mammals introductions in New Zealand. LV January 2018 Cervus timorensis "Forsyth, D. M., Coomes, D. A., Nugent, G., & Hall, G. M. J. (2002). Diet and diet preferences of introduced ungulates (Order: Artiodactyla) in New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Zoology, 29(4), 323-343." "No evidence of a negative impact: an impact on the performance of native individuals or on the native population is not investigated, but inferred from another observation (the study informs on a potential risk posed by the alien)" Description of the diet of the alien (the effect of the alien action on the performance of the natives is not tested) LV October 2017 Cervus unicolor "Coomes, D. A., Allen, R. B., Forsyth, D. M., & Lee, W. G. (2003). Factors preventing the recovery of New Zealand forests following control of invasive deer. Conservation Biology, 17(2), 450-459." Does not contain direct observations of impacts (review) LV January 2018 Dama dama "Bar-David, S., Lloyd-Smith, J. O., & Getz, W. M. (2006). Dynamics and management of infectious disease in colonizing populations. Ecology, 87(5), 1215-1224." "No evidence of a negative impact: an impact on the performance of native individuals or on the native population is not investigated, but inferred from another observation (the study informs on a potential risk posed by the alien)" Modelling of an hypothetical spread of bovine tuberculosis with the introduction of fallow deer. LS January 2018 Dama dama "Davis, N. E., Bennett, A., Forsyth, D. M., Bowman, D. M., Lefroy, E. C., Wood, S. W., Woolnough A.P., West P., Hampton J.O. & Johnson, C. N. (2016). A systematic review of the impacts and management of introduced deer (family Cervidae) in Australia. Wildlife Research, 43(6), 515-532." Does not contain direct observations of impacts (review) review on the impact of deer species in Australia LS January 2018 Dama dama "Fuller, R. J., & Gill, R. M. (2010). The spread of non-native Muntjac and Fallow Deer: a problem for lowland woodland birds. BOU ProcNet." "No evidence of a negative impact: an impact on the performance of native individuals or on the native population is not investigated, but inferred from another observation (the study informs on a potential risk posed by the alien)" "Conference proceeding. The described impact is an extrapolated impact, based on literature review on other deer species. No direct observation were performed" LS January 2018 Dama dama "Bartoš, L., Va?ková, D., Šiler, J., & Losos, S. (1996). Fallow deer tactic to compete over food with red deer. Aggressive Behavior, 22(5), 375-385." "Impact observed in captivity or under experiment, but not transferable to the wild" At feeding sites inside a deer park fallow deer buck display aggressive behaviour towards red deer. Not included because the study is conducted in artificial condition (captivity and deers feding at feeding sites) and so results are not easily transferreable in the wild (forced interaction). LS January 2018 Dama dama "Nugent, G., Fraser, K. W., Asher, G. W., & Tustin, K. G. (2001). Advances in New Zealand mammalogy 1990–2000: deer. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 31(1), 263-298." Does not contain direct observations of impacts (review) LS January 2018 Dama dama "Carne, P. H. (1955). Roe deer and fallow. Oryx, 3(2), 104-104." Does not contain direct observations of impacts (secondary referencing) Opinion paper: no direct observation LS January 2018 Dama dama "Delap, P. (1955). Roe deer and fallow. Oryx, 3(01), 38-39." Does not contain direct observations of impacts (secondary referencing) Opinion paper: no direct observation LS January 2018 Dama dama "Kramer, K., Bruinderink, G. G., & Prins, H. H. T. (2006). Spatial interactions between ungulate herbivory and forest management. Forest Ecology and Management, 226(1), 238-247." "No evidence of a negative impact: an impact on the performance of native individuals or on the native population is not investigated, but inferred from another observation (the study informs on a potential risk posed by the alien)" "The interactions between forest-ungulates and the presence of interspecific competition are investigated through a simulation model. The model predicts that if domestic cattle and horse disappear from the study area, then fallow deer will increase and roe deer will go extinct. Not included because results are not based on observation, but only on a model simulation." LS January 2018 Dama dama "Kowal, J., Nosal, P., Bonczar, Z., & Wajdzik, M. (2012). Parasites of captive fallow deer (Dama dama L.) from southern Poland with special emphasis on Ashworthius sidemi. Annals of parasitology, 58(1), 23-26." "Impact observed in captivity or under experiment, but not transferable to the wild" Parasites of fallow deer in captivity. LS January 2018 Dama dama "Putman, R. J., & Moore, N. P. (1998). Impact of deer in lowland Britain on agriculture, forestry and conservation habitats. Mammal Review, 28(4), 141-164." Does not contain direct observations of impacts (review) Review on the impact of deer in U.K. LS January 2018 Dama dama "Richardson, Morgan L., and Stephen Demarais. ""Parasites and condition of coexisting populations of white-tailed and exotic deer in south-central Texas."" Journal of Wildlife Diseases 28.3 (1992): 485-489." "Impact observed in captivity or under experiment, but not transferable to the wild" LS January 2018 Dama dama "Bazely, D. R., Myers, J. H., & da Silva, K. B. (1991). The response of numbers of bramble prickles to herbivory and depressed resource availability. Oikos, 327-336." "Impact observed in captivity or under experiment, but not transferable to the wild" "This study investigated the variation in prickliness of bramble (Rubus fruticosus agg.) in relation to browsing intensity by fallow deer (Dama dama) and muntjac deer (Muntiacus reevesi) in an Oxfordshire wood, England." LS January 2018 Dama dama "Relva, M. A., Castán, E., & Mazzarino, M. J. (2014). Litter and soil properties are not altered by invasive deer browsing in forests of NW Patagonia. Acta Oecologica, 54, 45-50." No impact on native biota is investigated: impact on soil properties. LS January 2018 Dama dama "Azorit, C., Tellado, S., Oya, A., & Moro, J. (2012). Seasonal and specific diet variations in sympatric red and fallow deer of southern Spain: a preliminary approach to feeding behaviour. Animal production science, 52(8), 720-727." "No evidence of a negative impact: an impact on the performance of native individuals or on the native population is not investigated, but inferred from another observation (the study informs on a potential risk posed by the alien)" Competition is inferred by diet overlap LS January 2018 Dama dama "Ferretti, F., Sforzi, A., & Lovari, S. (2008). Intolerance amongst deer species at feeding: roe deer are uneasy banqueters. Behavioural Processes, 78(3), 487-491." "No evidence of a negative impact: an impact on the performance of native individuals or on the native population is not investigated, but inferred from another observation (the study informs on a potential risk posed by the alien)" The study demonstrate that fallow deer forces roe deer to leave when they are at the same feeding place; however the outcome on fitness and population is not investigated in this article. LS January 2018 Dama dama "Ferretti, F. (2011). Interspecific aggression between fallow and roe deer. Ethology Ecology & Evolution, 23(2), 179-186." "No evidence of a negative impact: an impact on the performance of native individuals or on the native population is not investigated, but inferred from another observation (the study informs on a potential risk posed by the alien)" The study demonstrate that fallow deer forces roe deer to leave when they are at the same feeding place; however the outcome on fitness and population is not investigated in this article. LS January 2018 Dama dama "Ferretti, F., Sforzi, A., & Lovari, S. (2012). Avoidance of fallow deer by roe deer may not be habitat-dependent. Hystrix, the Italian Journal of Mammalogy, 23(2), 28-35." "No evidence of a negative impact: an impact on the performance of native individuals or on the native population is not investigated, but inferred from another observation (the study informs on a potential risk posed by the alien)" The study demonstrate that fallow deer forces roe deer to leave when they are at the same feeding place; however the outcome on fitness and population is not investigated in this article. LS January 2018 Dama dama "Obidzi?ski, A., Kie?tyk, P., Borkowski, J., Bolibok, L., & Remuszko, K. (2013). Autumn-winter diet overlap of fallow, red, and roe deer in forest ecosystems, Southern Poland. Open Life Sciences, 8(1), 8-17." "No evidence of a negative impact: an impact on the performance of native individuals or on the native population is not investigated, but inferred from another observation (the study informs on a potential risk posed by the alien)" Competition is inferred by diet overlap LS January 2018 Dama dama "Putman, R. J. (1986). Competition and coexistence in a multi-species grazing system. Acta Theriologica, 31(21), 271-291." "No evidence of a negative impact: an impact on the performance of native individuals or on the native population is not investigated, but inferred from another observation (the study informs on a potential risk posed by the alien)" The article measure niche overlap between different species in a guild of domestic and wild ungulates. LS January 2018 Dama dama "Bartos, L., Vankova, D., Miller, K. V., & Siler, J. (2002). Interspecific competition between white-tailed, fallow, red, and roe deer. The Journal of wildlife management, 522-527." "No evidence of a negative impact: an impact on the performance of native individuals or on the native population is not investigated, but inferred from another observation (the study informs on a potential risk posed by the alien)" Behavioural study aiming at detecting interference competition. LS January 2018 Dama dama "Mertins, J. W., Mortenson, J. A., Bernatowicz, J. A., & Hall, P. B. (2011). Bovicola tibialis (Phthiraptera: Trichodectidae): occurrence of an exotic chewing louse on cervids in North America. Journal of medical entomology, 48(1), 1-12." "No evidence of a negative impact: an impact on the performance of native individuals or on the native population is not investigated, but inferred from another observation (the study informs on a potential risk posed by the alien)" The transmission of the parasite and the impact of the parasite on native deer is inferred. LS January 2018 Dama dama "Coomes, D. A., Allen, R. B., Forsyth, D. M., & Lee, W. G. (2003). Factors preventing the recovery of New Zealand forests following control of invasive deer. Conservation Biology, 17(2), 450-459." Does not contain direct observations of impacts (review) LV January 2018 Dama dama "Veblen, T. T., & Stewart, G. H. (1982). The effects of introduced wild animals on New Zealand forests. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 72(3), 372-397." Does not contain direct observations of impacts (review) History of mammals introductions in New Zealand. LV January 2018 Dama dama "Forsyth, D. M., Coomes, D. A., Nugent, G., & Hall, G. M. J. (2002). Diet and diet preferences of introduced ungulates (Order: Artiodactyla) in New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Zoology, 29(4), 323-343." "No evidence of a negative impact: an impact on the performance of native individuals or on the native population is not investigated, but inferred from another observation (the study informs on a potential risk posed by the alien)" Description of the diet of the alien (the effect of the alien action on the performance of the natives is not tested) LV October 2017 Dama dama "Claridge, A. W., Hunt, R., Thrall, P. H., & Mills, D. J. (2016). Germination of native and introduced plants from scats of Fallow Deer (Dama dama) and Eastern Grey Kangaroo (Macropus giganteus) in a south?eastern Australian woodland landscape. Ecological Management & Restoration, 17(1), 56-62." "No evidence of a negative impact: an impact on the performance of native individuals or on the native population is not investigated, but inferred from another observation (the study informs on a potential risk posed by the alien)" "The study do not investigate the outcome of the germination of alien seeds from fallow deer faeces, but it simply demonstrate that the species might have a role in dispersal" LS January 2018 Dama dama "Fellers, G. M., & Osbourn, M. S. (2007). Abundance and impacts of fallow deer leks at Point Reyes National Seashore. California Fish and Game, 93(3), 149." "No evidence of a negative impact: an impact on the performance of native individuals or on the native population is not investigated, but inferred from another observation (the study informs on a potential risk posed by the alien)" Impact on individual fitness was not investigated (the observed damages migth not affect the tree fitness) LV March 2019 Dama dama "Chaia, E. E., Sosa, M. C., & Raffaele, E. (2012). Vertebrate faeces as sources of nodulating Frankia in Patagonia. Symbiosis, 56(3), 139-145." Positive impact(s) Frankia is making symbiosis with Ochetophila trinervis. LV March 2019 Dama dama "Massei, G., Hartley, S. E., & Bacon, P. J. (2000). Chemical and morphological variation of Mediterranean woody evergreen species: Do plants respond to ungulate browsing?. Journal of Vegetation Science, 11(1), 1-8." "No evidence of a negative impact: an impact on the performance of native individuals or on the native population is not investigated, but inferred from another observation (the study informs on a potential risk posed by the alien)" They look at the phenolic concentration of browsed trees (no conclusions on fitness can be drawn from this). LV March 2019 Dama dama "Veblen TT, Mermoz M, Mart´?n C and Kitzberger T (1992) Ecological impacts of introduced animals in Nahuel Huapi National Park, Argentina. Conservation Biology 6: 71–83" "Negative impact already assessed (the data used in this study have been published in another article, which has been assessed)" Larger-scale study that looks at the impact of many introduced animals. We did not classify this study because the data about introduced ungulates (introduced on Isla Victoria) have been reported in Veble et al. 1989. LV July 2019 Dama dama "Randi, E. (2005). Management of wild ungulate populations in Italy: captive-breeding, hybridisation and genetic consequences of translocations. Veterinary Research Communications, 29(2), 71-75." Re-introduced population (not assessed) Translocation of captive-reproduced stocks for local reintroductions or restocking of exploited wild populations. LV September 2019 Dama dama "Ferretti, F., Bertoldi, G., Sforzi, A., & Fattorini, L. (2011). Roe and fallow deer: are they compatible neighbours?. European Journal of Wildlife Research, 57(4), 775-783." "Negative impact already assessed (the data used in this study have been published in another article, which has been assessed)" "Study used a subset (summer 2007 and winter 2007/2008) of the data of the assessed report from Ferretti, Sforzi and Lovari (2011) and incorporated habitat features in the analyses." LV March 2019 Elephas maximus "Ali, R. (2006). Issues relating to invasives in the Andaman Islands. Journal-Bombay Natural History Society, 103(2/3), 349." Does not contain direct observations of impacts (review) LV August 2019 Equus asinus "Abella, S. R. (2008). A systematic review of wild burro grazing effects on Mojave Desert vegetation, USA. Environmental Management, 41(6), 809-819." Does not contain direct observations of impacts (review) "Review on the diet and impact of Equus asinus in the Mojave desert, U.S." LS January 2018 Equus asinus "Bradford, D. F., Jaeger, J. R., & Jennings, R. D. (2004). Population status and distribution of a decimated amphibian, the relict leopard frog (Rana onca). The Southwestern Naturalist, 49(2), 218-228." Does not containt direct observations of impacts (secondary reference) Feral burros are cited as one of the potential factors affecting distribution of leopard frog (they graze vegetation along the springs where Rana onca live). No measure or investigation of the impact. LS January 2018 Equus asinus Sumner L (1959) Effects of wild burros on bighorn in Death Valley National Monument. Desert Bighorn Council Transactions 3:4–8 "No evidence of a negative impact: an impact on the performance of native individuals or on the native population is not investigated, but inferred from another observation (the study informs on a potential risk posed by the alien)" LS January 2018 Equus asinus Weaver RA (1959) Effects of wild burros on desert water supplies.. Desert Bighorn Council Transactions 3:1–3 "No evidence of a negative impact: an impact on the performance of native individuals or on the native population is not investigated, but inferred from another observation (the study informs on a potential risk posed by the alien)" LS January 2018 Equus asinus McMichael T.J. (1964) Relationships between desert bighorn and feral burros in the black mountains of Mohave County. Desert Bighorn CouncilTransactions 8:29-35. "No evidence of a negative impact: an impact on the performance of native individuals or on the native population is not investigated, but inferred from another observation (the study informs on a potential risk posed by the alien)" "Some quantitative information are given (diet overlap between bighorn and burros), but not enough to assess the magnitude of the impact. " LS January 2018 Equus asinus Smith AE (1969) Burro problems in the Southwest. Desert Bighorn Council Transactions 13:91–97 "No evidence of a negative impact: an impact on the performance of native individuals or on the native population is not investigated, but inferred from another observation (the study informs on a potential risk posed by the alien)" LS January 2018 Equus asinus Walters J. (1977) The status of the bighorn/burro situation at the Grand Canyon National Park. Desert Bighorn Council Transactions 21:7-8 No impact described LS January 2018 Equus asinus Weaver RA (1973) Burro versus bighorn. Desert Bighorn CouncilTransactions 17:90–97 "No evidence of a negative impact: an impact on the performance of native individuals or on the native population is not investigated, but inferred from another observation (the study informs on a potential risk posed by the alien)" LS January 2018 Equus asinus "Eliasson, U. (1982). Changes and constancy in the vegetation of the Galapagos Islands. Noticias de Galápagos, 36, 7-12." "No evidence of a negative impact: an impact on the performance of native individuals or on the native population is not investigated, but inferred from another observation (the study informs on a potential risk posed by the alien)" LS January 2018 Equus asinus "Sanchez, P. G. (1974). Impact of feral burros on the Death Valley ecosystem. California-Nevada Wildlife, 21-34." Does not contain direct observations of impacts (secondary referencing) LS January 2018 Equus asinus "Acebes, P., Traba, J., & Malo, J. E. (2012). Co-occurrence and potential for competition between wild and domestic large herbivores in a South American desert. Journal of Arid Environments, 77, 39-44." "No evidence of a negative impact: an impact on the performance of native individuals or on the native population is not investigated, but inferred from another observation (the study informs on a potential risk posed by the alien)" Competition between native guanacos and invasive donkeys and domestic cattle is tested by looking at spatial overlap. LS January 2018 Equus asinus "Borgnia, M., Vilá, B. L., & Cassini, M. H. (2008). Interaction between wild camelids and livestock in an Andean semi-desert. Journal of Arid Environments, 72(12), 2150-2158." "No evidence of a negative impact: an impact on the performance of native individuals or on the native population is not investigated, but inferred from another observation (the study informs on a potential risk posed by the alien)" "Competition between native vicuna and invasive donkeys and domestic cattle is tested by looking at spatial and diet overlap " LS January 2018 Equus asinus "Fowler de Neira, L. E. , & Johnson, M. K. (1985). Diets of giant tortoises and feral burros on Volcan Alcedo, Galapagos. The Journal of wildlife management, 165-169." "No evidence of a negative impact: an impact on the performance of native individuals or on the native population is not investigated, but inferred from another observation (the study informs on a potential risk posed by the alien)" The study demonstrate diet overlap between the native and alien species. LS January 2018 Equus asinus "Marshal, J. P., Bleich, V. C., Krausman, P. R., Reed, M. L., & Neibergs, A. (2012). Overlap in diet and habitat between the mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) and feral ass (Equus asinus) in the Sonoran Desert. The Southwestern Naturalist, 57(1), 16-25." "No evidence of a negative impact: an impact on the performance of native individuals or on the native population is not investigated, but inferred from another observation (the study informs on a potential risk posed by the alien)" Competition is investigated through diet and spatial overlap. No overlap found. LS January 2018 Equus asinus "Ovejero, R. J., Acebes, P., Malo, J. E., Traba, J., Torres, M. E. M., & Borghi, C. E. (2011). Lack of feral livestock interference with native guanaco during the dry season in a South American desert. European journal of wildlife research, 57(5), 1007-1015." "No evidence of a negative impact: an impact on the performance of native individuals or on the native population is not investigated, but inferred from another observation (the study informs on a potential risk posed by the alien)" Competition is investigated through diet and spatial overlap. No overlap found. LS January 2018 Equus asinus "Reus, M. L., Cappa, F. M., Andino, N., Campos, V. E., de los Ríos, C., & Campos, C. M. (2014). Trophic interactions between the native guanaco (Lama guanicoe) and the exotic donkey (Equus asinus) in the hyper-arid Monte desert (Ischigualasto Park, Argentina). Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment, 49(3), 159-168." "No evidence of a negative impact: an impact on the performance of native individuals or on the native population is not investigated, but inferred from another observation (the study informs on a potential risk posed by the alien)" Diet overlap study to investigate competition LS January 2018 Equus asinus "Vinassa, M. L. G., & Nuñez, M. B. (2016). Dieta estacional de guanacos (Lama guanicoe) y burros ferales (Equus asinus) en un ambiente semiárido de San Luis, Argentina. Ecología Austral, 26(2), 178-188." "No evidence of a negative impact: an impact on the performance of native individuals or on the native population is not investigated, but inferred from another observation (the study informs on a potential risk posed by the alien)" Diet overlap study to investigate competition LS January 2018 Equus asinus "Seegmiller, R. F., & Ohmart, R. D. (1981). Ecological relationships of feral burros and desert bighorn sheep. Wildlife Monographs, (78), 3-58." "No evidence of a negative impact: an impact on the performance of native individuals or on the native population is not investigated, but inferred from another observation (the study informs on a potential risk posed by the alien)" Competition is investigated through diet and spatial overlap. LS January 2018 Equus asinus "Malo, J. E., González, B. A., Mata, C., Vielma, A., Donoso, D. S., Fuentes, N., & Estades, C. F. (2016). Low habitat overlap at landscape scale between wild camelids and feral donkeys in the Chilean desert. Acta Oecologica, 70, 1-9." "No evidence of a negative impact: an impact on the performance of native individuals or on the native population is not investigated, but inferred from another observation (the study informs on a potential risk posed by the alien)" "Competition between native vicuna and invasive donkeys and domestic cattle is tested by looking at spatial overlap " LS January 2018 Equus caballus "Detling, J. K. (1998). Mammalian herbivores: ecosystem-level effects in two grassland national parks. Wildlife Society Bulletin, 26(3), 438-448." Does not contain direct observations of impacts (review) LS January 2018 Equus caballus "Nimmo, D. G., & Miller, K. K. (2007). Ecological and human dimensions of management of feral horses in Australia: a review. Wildlife Research, 34(5), 408-417." Does not contain direct observations of impacts (review) Review on the impact and management of feral horses in Australia. LS January 2018 Equus caballus "Turner, M. G. (1988). Simulation and management implications of feral horse grazing on Cumberland Island, Georgia. Journal of Range Management, 441-447." "No evidence of a negative impact: an impact on the performance of native individuals or on the native population is not investigated, but inferred from another observation (the study informs on a potential risk posed by the alien)" The impact described is based uniquely by a simulation model. LS January 2018 Equus caballus "Hall, L. K., Larsen, R. T., Westover, M. D., Day, C. C., Knight, R. N., & McMillan, B. R. (2016). Influence of exotic horses on the use of water by communities of native wildlife in a semi-arid environment. Journal of Arid Environments, 127, 100-105." "No evidence of a negative impact: an impact on the performance of native individuals or on the native population is not investigated, but inferred from another observation (the study informs on a potential risk posed by the alien)" This study examines direct and indirect interference competition between feral horses and native species (mammals and birds) at water sources comparing species richness in fenced and unfenced water sources. The effect of this exclusion on the native species performance has not been investigated. LS January 2018 Equus caballus "Gooch, A. M., Petersen, S. L., Collins, G. H., Smith, T. S., McMillan, B. R., & Eggett, D. L. (2017). The impact of feral horses on pronghorn behavior at water sources. Journal of Arid Environments, 138, 38-43." "No evidence of a negative impact: an impact on the performance of native individuals or on the native population is not investigated, but inferred from another observation (the study informs on a potential risk posed by the alien)" "This study examines direct and indirect interference competition between feral horses and pronghorn at water sources. Horses negatively affect the access of pronghorn to water sources, but the consequence of this are not reported" LS January 2018 Equus caballus "Loydi, A., & Zalba, S. M. (2009). Feral horses dung piles as potential invasion windows for alien plant species in natural grasslands. Plant Ecology, 201(2), 471." "No evidence of a negative impact: an impact on the performance of native individuals or on the native population is not investigated, but inferred from another observation (the study informs on a potential risk posed by the alien)" "Horse's dung pile create a suitable substrate for alien plants, but the effect of this on native plants is not investigated" LS January 2018 Equus caballus "McInnis, M. L., & Vavra, M. (1987). Dietary relationships among feral horses, cattle, and pronghorn in southeastern Oregon. Journal of Range Management, 60-66." "No evidence of a negative impact: an impact on the performance of native individuals or on the native population is not investigated, but inferred from another observation (the study informs on a potential risk posed by the alien)" Competition is investigated through diet overlap LS January 2018 Equus caballus "Ostermann-Kelm, S., Atwill, E. R., Rubin, E. S., Jorgensen, M. C., & Boyce, W. M. (2008). Interactions between feral horses and desert bighorn sheep at water. Journal of Mammalogy, 89(2), 459-466." "No evidence of a negative impact: an impact on the performance of native individuals or on the native population is not investigated, but inferred from another observation (the study informs on a potential risk posed by the alien)" Spatial overlap and potential interference competition between feral horse and desert bighorn sheep was studied trough direct field observation and transect. Although the species use the same water sources they rarely use them at the same time. LS January 2018 Equus caballus "Perry, N. D., Morey, P., & Miguel, G. S. (2015). Dominance of a Natural Water Source by Feral Horses. The Southwestern Naturalist, 60(4), 390-393." "No evidence of a negative impact: an impact on the performance of native individuals or on the native population is not investigated, but inferred from another observation (the study informs on a potential risk posed by the alien)" "Feral horses exhibited dominant behavior over native elk at water sources during the driest season, often preventing acquisition of water by elk. The effect of this on the performance of elk is inferred." LS January 2018 Equus caballus "Rogers, G. M. (1991). Kaimanawa feral horses and their environmental impacts. New Zealand journal of ecology, 49-64." "No evidence of a negative impact: an impact on the performance of native individuals or on the native population is not investigated, but inferred from another observation (the study informs on a potential risk posed by the alien)" "The relationship between horse disturbance and invasive plants is stated but not measured in this study. " LS January 2018 Equus caballus "Salter, R. E., & Hudson, R. J. (1980). Range relationships of feral horses with wild ungulates and cattle in western Alberta. Journal of Range Management, 266-271." "No evidence of a negative impact: an impact on the performance of native individuals or on the native population is not investigated, but inferred from another observation (the study informs on a potential risk posed by the alien)" Competition inferred through diet and spatial overlap LS January 2018 Equus caballus "Smith, C., Valdez, R., Holechek, J. L., Zwank, P. J., & Cardenas, M. (1998). Diets of native and non-native ungulates in southcentral New Mexico. The Southwestern Naturalist, 163-169." "No evidence of a negative impact: an impact on the performance of native individuals or on the native population is not investigated, but inferred from another observation (the study informs on a potential risk posed by the alien)" Diet description and diet overlap for showing potential competition of the alien with Antilocapra americana. The study does not allow to detect any impact on Antilocapra americana population or individuals. LS January 2018 Equus caballus "Jung, T. S., Stotyn, S. A., & Czetwertynski, S. M. (2015). Dietary overlap and potential competition in a dynamic ungulate community in northwestern Canada. The Journal of Wildlife Management, 79(8), 1277-1285." "No evidence of a negative impact: an impact on the performance of native individuals or on the native population is not investigated, but inferred from another observation (the study informs on a potential risk posed by the alien)" Competition inferred through diet overlap LS January 2018 Equus caballus "Stohlgren, T. J., Schell, L. D., & Vanden Heuvel, B. (1999). How grazing and soil quality affect native and exotic plant diversity in Rocky Mountain grasslands. Ecological applications, 9(1), 45-64." "No evidence of a negative impact: an impact on the performance of native individuals or on the native population is not investigated, but inferred from another observation (the study informs on a potential risk posed by the alien)" The impact of grazing in general is investigated. No mention of the herbivore species which are grazing. LV March 2019 Equus caballus "Smith, C., Valdez, R., Holechek, J. L., Zwank, P. J., & Cardenas, M. (1998). Diets of native and non-native ungulates in southcentral New Mexico. The Southwestern Naturalist, 163-169." "No evidence of a negative impact: an impact on the performance of native individuals or on the native population is not investigated, but inferred from another observation (the study informs on a potential risk posed by the alien)" Faecal analyses (diet analysis of the alien) and diet overlap analyses to infer competition with Antilocapra americana. The study does not investigate the effect of this potential competition on the performance or population of Antilocapra americana (and does not mention that such impacts have been observed in other studies) LV July 2019 Hemictragus jemlahicus "Veblen, T. T., & Stewart, G. H. (1982). The effects of introduced wild animals on New Zealand forests. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 72(3), 372-397." Does not contain direct observations of impacts (review) History of mammals introductions in New Zealand. LV January 2018 Hemitragus jemlahicus "Forsyth, D. M., Coomes, D. A., Nugent, G., & Hall, G. M. J. (2002). Diet and diet preferences of introduced ungulates (Order: Artiodactyla) in New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Zoology, 29(4), 323-343." "No evidence of a negative impact: an impact on the performance of native individuals or on the native population is not investigated, but inferred from another observation (the study informs on a potential risk posed by the alien)" Description of the diet of the alien (the effect of the alien action on the performance of the natives is not tested) LV October 2017 Hemitragus jemlahicus "Cruz, J., Thomson, C. & Parkes, J. (2014)Impact of Himalayan tahr (Hemitragus jemlahicus) on snow tussocks in the Southern Alps, New Zealand. Landcare Research Contract Report: LC1900" "Negative impact already assessed (the data used in this study have been published in another article, which has been assessed)" The results contained in this report have been published in 2017 in Biological invasion. LS January 2018 Hemitragus jemlahicus "Flueck, W. T. (2010). The slippery slope of exporting invasive species: the case of Himalayan tahr arriving in South America. Biological Invasions, 12(6), 1467-1475." Does not contain direct observations of impacts (potential/extrapolated impacts) Article on the status of introduction of Himalayan tahr in Argentina. Impact are not observed but inferred based on impact registered in New Zealand LS January 2018 Hydropotes inermis "Frölich, K., & Flach, E. J. (1998). Longterm viral serology of semifreeliving and captive ungulates. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 165170." "No evidence of a negative impact: an impact on the performance of native individuals or on the native population is not investigated, but inferred from another observation (the study informs on a potential risk posed by the alien)" "The study showed that Hydropotes inermis is not likely to be a reservoir of BVDVlike viruses and herpesvirus (because low proportion of seropositive samples), but they did not studied the transmission of these viruses to native species. " LV November 2017 Muntiacus reevesi "Bazely, D. R., Myers, J. H., & da Silva, K. B. (1991). The response of numbers of bramble prickles to herbivory and depressed resource availability. Oikos, 327-336." "Impact observed in captivity or under experiment, but not transferable to the wild" "This study investigated the variation in prickliness of bramble (Rubus fruticosus agg.) in relation to browsing intensity by fallow deer (Dama dama) and muntjac deer (Muntiacus reevesi) in an Oxfordshire wood, England." LS January 2018 Muntiacus reevesi "Cooke, A. S., & Lakhani, K. H. (1996). Damage to coppice regrowth by muntjac deer Muntiacus reevesi and protection with electric fencing. Biological Conservation, 75(3), 231-238." No impact described "Not considered because rather than quantifying the impact of muntjac on coppice wood, this article describe the effectiveness of electric fences to protect wood from muntjac browsing." LS January 2018 Muntiacus reevesi "Cooke, A. S., & Farrell, L. (2001). Impact of muntjac deer (Muntiacus reevesi) at Monks Wood National Nature Reserve, Cambridgeshire, eastern England. Forestry, 74(3), 241-250." Does not contain direct observations of impacts (review) "Review on the impact of muntjac browsing on coppice, seminatural wood, ground vegetation and fauna." LS January 2018 Muntiacus reevesi "Cooke A.S. (2003) Muntjac deer Muntiacus reevesi in Monks Wood NNR: their management and changing Impact. In Gardiner C. & Sparks T. (eds) Ten years of change: Woodland research at Monks Wood NNR, 1993-2003. Proceedings of the 50th Anniversary Symposium, December 2003. English Nature Research Reports Number 613. Pp. 65-75." Does not contain direct observations of impacts (secondary referencing) Conference paper. Not included since it summarize results of studies evaluated as direct references LS January 2018 Muntiacus reevesi "Hemami, M. R., Watkinson, A. R., & Dolman, P. M. (2004). Habitat selection by sympatric muntjac (Muntiacus reevesi) and roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) in a lowland commercial pine forest. Forest Ecology and Management, 194(1), 49-60." "No evidence of a negative impact: an impact on the performance of native individuals or on the native population is not investigated, but inferred from another observation (the study informs on a potential risk posed by the alien)" competition tested through diet overlap LS January 2018 Muntiacus reevesi "Hemami, M. R., Watkinson, A. R., & Dolman, P. M. (2005). Population densities and habitat associations of introduced muntjac Muntiacus reevesi and native roe deer Capreolus capreolus in a lowland pine forest. Forest ecology and management, 215(1), 224-238." "No evidence of a negative impact: an impact on the performance of native individuals or on the native population is not investigated, but inferred from another observation (the study informs on a potential risk posed by the alien)" competition tested through spatial overlap LS January 2018 Muntiacus reevesi "McKillen, J., Hogg, K., Lagan, P., Ball, C., Doherty, S., Reid, N.,Collins L. & Dick, J. T. (2017). Detection of a novel gammaherpesvirus (genus Rhadinovirus) in wild muntjac deer in Northern Ireland. Archives of Virology, 162(6), 1737-1740." "No evidence of a negative impact: an impact on the performance of native individuals or on the native population is not investigated, but inferred from another observation (the study informs on a potential risk posed by the alien)" "It is not clear whether the virus is pathogenic (the study did not test the effect of the virus on the performance of native individuals: ""In the animals examined, the virus was present at very low levels and was only detected after two rounds of PCR in healthy animals""). The transmission from the alien species to the native species is inferred and not tested." DJ; LS; LV March 2019 Odocoileus hemionus "Vourc'h, Gwenaël, José Escarré, and Jean-Louis Martin. ""Interaction between Sitka black-tailed deer and western redcedar: Lessons from Haida Gwaii."" Lessons from the Islands: 70." "Impact observed in captivity or under experiment, but not transferable to the wild" "To test whether deer preferred the Cedar tree, experiments were done in common garden type. " DJ December 2017 Odocoileus hemionus "Stapp, Paul, and Darcee A. Guttilla. ""Population density and habitat use of mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) on Santa Catalina Island, California."" The Southwestern Naturalist 51.4 (2006): 572-578." "No evidence of a negative impact: an impact on the performance of native individuals or on the native population is not investigated, but inferred from another observation (the study informs on a potential risk posed by the alien)" Description of the diet of the alien (the effect of the alien action on the performance of the natives is not tested) DJ December 2017 Odocoileus hemionus "Vourc'h, Gwenaël, et al. ""Defensive adaptations of Thuja plicata to ungulate browsing: a comparative study between mainland and island populations."" Oecologia 126.1 (2001): 84-93." "No evidence of a negative impact: an impact on the performance of native individuals or on the native population is not investigated, but inferred from another observation (the study informs on a potential risk posed by the alien)" This is a comparative study on essentially diet preference of alien and the adaptability shown by native species. They do not test for direct impact caused by alien on native. DJ January 2018 Odocoileus hemionus "Vila, Bruno, and Jean-Louis Martin. ""Spread and history of deer impact: the memory of the woody plants."" Lessons from the Islands (2008): 57." Does not contain direct observations of impacts (review) LV July 2019 Odocoileus hemionus "Martin, J. L., Allombert, S., & Gaston, A. J. (2008). The effects of deer and squirrels on forest birds: community structure, population density, and reproduction. In Lessons from the Islands: Introduced Species and What They Tell us about How Ecosystems Work. Proceedings from the Research Group on Introduced Species 2002 Symposium. Canadian Wildlife Service, Environment Canada, Ottawa (pp. 93-99)." "Negative impact already assessed (the data used in this study have been published in another article, which has been assessed)" Study describing the same data (they are listing two more impacted native species (Catharus ustulatus; Certhia americana) in their Table 1) as the assessed report from Allombert et al. 2005 LV February 2020 Odocoileus hemionus "Allombert, Sylvain, and Jean-Louis Martin. ""The effects of deer on invertebrate abundance and diversity."" Lessons from the islands: introduced species and what they tell us about how ecosystems work. Environment Canada, Ottawa (2007): 87-92" "Negative impact already assessed (the data used in this study have been published in another article, which has been assessed)" Study describing the preliminary results of the assessed report from Allombert and Martin (2005) (but has been published later) LV February 2020 Odocoileus hemionus "Stockton, S. A., Allombert, S., Gaston, A. J., & Martin, J. L. (2005). A natural experiment on the effects of high deer densities on the native flora of coastal temperate rain forests. Biological Conservation, 126(1), 118-128." "Negative impact already assessed (the data used in this study have been published in another article, which has been assessed)" Study seems to be describing the same data as the assessed report from Martin et al. (2010) (with the same conclusions regarding EICAT assessments). Martin et al. (2010) is describing the impact in more details. LV June 2019 Odocoileus hemionus "Stockton, Stephen A. ""The effects of deer on plant diversity."" Lessons from the Islands (2004): 64." "Negative impact already assessed (the data used in this study have been published in another article, which has been assessed)" Study seems to be describing the same data as the assessed report from Martin et al. (2010) (with the same conclusions regarding EICAT assessments). Martin et al. (2010) is describing the impact in more details. LV June 2019 Odocoileus hemionus "Stockton, S. A., Anthony J. Gaston, and Jean-Louis Martin. ""Where have all the flowers gone? The impact of introduced black-tailed deer on the shoreline vegetation of Haida Gwaii, British Columbia."" Laskeek Bay research 10 (2001): 31-43." "Negative impact already assessed (the data used in this study have been published in another article, which has been assessed)" Study seems to be describing the same data as the assessed report from Martin et al. (2010) (with the same conclusions regarding EICAT assessments). Martin et al. (2010) is describing the impact in more details. LV June 2019 Odocoileus hemionus "Vila, Bruno, and Frédéric Guibal. ""Assessing browsing influence in forest understory using dendrochronology on Haida Gwaii archipelago (British Columbia, Canada)."" Dendrochronologia 19.1 (2001): 139-151." "Negative impact already assessed (the data used in this study have been published in another article, which has been assessed)" Study seems to be described the same data as in the assessed report from Vila and Guibal (2001) (with the same conclusions regarding EICAT assessments) LV June 2019 Odocoileus virginianus "Sattmann, H., Hörweg, C., Gaub, L., Feix, A. S., Haider, M., Walochnik, J., ... & Prosl, H. (2014). Wherefrom and whereabouts of an alien: the American liver fluke Fascioloides magna in Austria: an overview. Wiener Klinische Wochenschrift, 126(1), 2331." "No evidence of a negative impact: an impact on the performance of native individuals or on the native population is not investigated, but inferred from another observation (the study informs on a potential risk posed by the alien)" Odocoileus virginianus is a host of F. magna; but the study did not investigated the transmission to native species and the impact of this transmission. LV November 2017 Odocoileus virginianus "Lefort, S., Tremblay, J. P., Fournier, F., Potvin, F., & Huot, J. (2007). Importance of balsam fir as winter forage for whitetailed deer at the northeastern limit of their distribution range. Ecoscience, 14(1), 109116." "No evidence of a negative impact: an impact on the performance of native individuals or on the native population is not investigated, but inferred from another observation (the study informs on a potential risk posed by the alien)" Description of the diet of the alien (the effect of the alien action on the performance of the natives is not tested) LV November 2017 Odocoileus virginianus "Šefrová, H., & Lašt?vka, Z. (2005). Catalogue of alien animal species in the Czech Republic. Acta Univ. Agric. Silvic. Mendel. Brun, 53(18), 151170." "No evidence of a negative impact: an impact on the performance of native individuals or on the native population is not investigated, but inferred from another observation (the study informs on a potential risk posed by the alien)" The study reports that Odocoileus virginianus introduced F. magna and can infest other cervid species. LV November 2017 Odocoileus virginianus "Lefort, S. (2002). Habitat hivernal du cerf de Virginie (Odocoileus virginianus) à l'île d'Anticosti. Québec, Canada: Université Laval." "No evidence of a negative impact: an impact on the performance of native individuals or on the native population is not investigated, but inferred from another observation (the study informs on a potential risk posed by the alien)" Description of the diet of the alien (the effect of the alien action on the performance of the natives is not tested) LV November 2017 Odocoileus virginianus "Coomes, D. A., Allen, R. B., Forsyth, D. M., & Lee, W. G. (2003). Factors preventing the recovery of New Zealand forests following control of invasive deer. Conservation Biology, 17(2), 450-459." Does not contain direct observations of impacts (review) LV January 2018 Odocoileus virginianus "Côté, S. D., Dussault, C., Huot, J., Potvin, F., Tremblay, J. P., & Viera, V. (2008). High herbivore density and boreal forest ecology: white-tailed deer on Anticosti Island. Lessons from the islands: introduced species and what they tell us about how ecosystems work. Canadian Wildlife Service, Environment Canada, Queen Charlotte City, Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia, 154-161." Does not contain direct observations of impacts (review) LV January 2018 Odocoileus virginianus "Veblen, T. T., & Stewart, G. H. (1982). The effects of introduced wild animals on New Zealand forests. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 72(3), 372-397." Does not contain direct observations of impacts (review) History of mammals introductions in New Zealand. LV January 2018 Odocoileus virginianus "Michallet, J., Letournel, B. (2011). Analyse des données du programme ""impact du cerf de Virginie et du lièvre d'Amérique sur les boisés des îles de Miquelon et Langlade""." "No evidence of a negative impact: an impact on the performance of native individuals or on the native population is not investigated, but inferred from another observation (the study informs on a potential risk posed by the alien)" "They only look for browsing signs (on seedlings of Abies balsamea, Betula papyrifera, Sorbus americana, Picea mariana and Picea glauca), but did not investigate how the browsing impacted the fitness of the seedling." LV February 2018 Odocoileus virginianus "Majoros, G., & Sztojkov, V. (1994). Appearance of the large American liver fluke Fascioloides magna (Bassi, 1875)(Trematoda: Fasciolata) in Hungary. Parasitologia Hungarica, 27, 27-38" "No evidence of a negative impact: an impact on the performance of native individuals or on the native population is not investigated, but inferred from another observation (the study informs on a potential risk posed by the alien)" "The impact of F. magna on the performance of Red deer individuasl is not tested: ""Although F magna will certainly not cause a pathological condition of fatal outcome in Hungarian deer either, by impairing the animals' natural resistance it may lead to a loss of condition and a consequent deterioration of the trophy in value""" LV December 2017 Odocoileus virginianus "Etcheberry, R., Abraham, D., & Muller, S. (2010). Nouvelles espèces de plantes vasculaires pour les îles SaintPierreetMiquelon et commentaires sur la flore de l’archipel. Bulletin de la Société des naturalistes luxembourgeois, 111, 85105." Does not contain direct observations of impacts (secondary referencing) No direct observation done in the study (but the information is not backed up by a reference either) LV July 2017 Odocoileus virginianus "Lefort, S. (2002). Habitat hivernal du cerf de Virginie (Odocoileus virginianus) à l'île d'Anticosti. Québec, Canada: Université Laval." Does not contain direct observations of impacts (secondary referencing) "No direct observation done in the study (but the information is not backed up by a reference either) Côté (2005) also established this causality [Côté, S. D. (2005). Extirpation of a large black bear population by introduced White?Tailed deer. Conservation Biology, 19(5), 1668-1671]. => But Coté is not recorded??" LV July 2017 Odocoileus virginianus "Forsyth, D. M., Coomes, D. A., Nugent, G., & Hall, G. M. J. (2002). Diet and diet preferences of introduced ungulates (Order: Artiodactyla) in New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Zoology, 29(4), 323-343." "No evidence of a negative impact: an impact on the performance of native individuals or on the native population is not investigated, but inferred from another observation (the study informs on a potential risk posed by the alien)" Description of the diet of the alien (the effect of the alien action on the performance of the natives is not tested) LV October 2017 Oreamnos americanus "Flesch, E. P., Garrott, R. A., White, P. J., Brimeyer, D., Courtemanch, A. B., Cunningham, J. A., ... & Miyasaki, H. (2016). Range expansion and population growth of non?native mountain goats in the Greater Yellowstone Area: Challenges for management. Wildlife Society Bulletin, 40(2), 241-250." "No evidence of a negative impact: an impact on the performance of native individuals or on the native population is not investigated, but inferred from another observation (the study informs on a potential risk posed by the alien)" Range expansion and population growth. Potential impact (range overlap with Ovis canadensis). LV August 2019 Oreamnos americanus "Laundré, J. W. (1994). Resource overlap between mountain goats and bighorn sheep. The Great Basin Naturalist, 114-121." "No evidence of a negative impact: an impact on the performance of native individuals or on the native population is not investigated, but inferred from another observation (the study informs on a potential risk posed by the alien)" Diet overlap LV August 2019 Oreamnos americanus "Lemke, T. O. (2004). Origin, expansion, and status of mountain goats in Yellowstone National Park. Wildlife Society Bulletin, 32(2), 532-541." No impact described Expansion of the population. LV August 2019 Oreamnos americanus "DeVoe, J. D., Garrott, R. A., Rotella, J. J., Challender, S. R., White, P. J., O'Reilly, M., & Butler, C. J. (2015). Summer range occupancy modeling of non?native mountain goats in the greater Yellowstone area. Ecosphere, 6(11), 1-20." No impact described Potential for expansion of the population. LV August 2019 Oreamnos americanus "Gross, J. E. (2001). Evaluating effects of an expanding mountain goat population on native bighorn sheep: a simulation model of competition and disease. Biological Conservation, 101(2), 171-185." No impact described Potential impact (the alien has not colonized the Rocky Mountain National Park yet at the time of the study) LV August 2019 Oreamnos americanus "Tuler, S., Machlis, G. E., & Kasperson, R. E. (1992). Mountain goat removal in Olympic National Park: A case study of the role of organizational culture in individual risk decisions and behavior. Risk, 3, 317." Does not contain direct observations of impacts (secondary referencing) No direct observation of impact. LV August 2019 Oreamnos americanus "Jones, A., Hansen, B., & Moyano, M. (2015). IMPACTS OF NON-NATIVE MOUNTAIN GOATS IN INTRODUCTION AREAS OF THE WEST: A REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE." Does not contain direct observations of impacts (review) LV August 2019 Oreamnos americanus "Stevens, V. (1979). Mountain goat (Oreamnos americanus) habitat utilization in Olympic National Park (Doctoral dissertation, University of" No impact described Habitat utilization. LV August 2019 Oreamnos americanus Olympic Park Associates. 1995. An analsyis of the Mountain Goat Issue in Olympic National Park. Does not contain direct observations of impacts (secondary referencing) No direct observation done in the study (but the information is not backed up by a reference either) LV August 2019 Oreamnos americanus "National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior (NPS). 1995. Goats in the Olympic National Park Draft Environmental Impact Statement for Mountain Goat Management. Olympic National Park, Port Angeles WA." Does not contain direct observations of impacts (secondary referencing) LV August 2019 Oreamnos americanus National Park Service. 1981. An environmental assessment on the management of introduced mountain goats in Olympic National Park. NPS Report. 49 pp. Does not contain direct observations of impacts (secondary referencing) LV August 2019 Oreamnos americanus "Schreiner, E. G. (1994). Interactions among herbivores, plants, and soils. Mountain goats in Olympic National Park: biology and management of an introduced species. Scientific Monograph NPS/NROLYM/NRSM-94/25. United States Department of Interior, National Park Service, Washington, DC, USA, 109-128." "No evidence of a negative impact: an impact on the performance of native individuals or on the native population is not investigated, but inferred from another observation (the study informs on a potential risk posed by the alien)" The fact that individuals are grazed does not necessarily imply that their fitness if affected. The study design does not allow us to infer that an impact occured. LV August 2019 Oreamnos americanus "Schreiner, E. G. (1994). A perspective on herbivory and the research hypotheses. Mountain goats in Olympic National Park: biology and management of an introduced species. Scientific Monograph NPS/NROLYM/NRSM-94/25. United States Department of Interior, National Park Service, Washington, DC, USA." Does not contain direct observations of impacts (secondary referencing) LV August 2019 Oreamnos americanus "Schreiner, E. G. and Houston, D. B. (1994). Synthesis of Herbivory. Mountain goats in Olympic National Park: biology and management of an introduced species. Scientific Monograph NPS/NROLYM/NRSM-94/25. United States Department of Interior, National Park Service, Washington, DC, USA." Does not contain direct observations of impacts (secondary referencing) LV August 2019 Oreamnos americanus "Stewart, S. T. (1975). Ecology of the West Rosebud and Stillwater bighorn sheep herds, Beartooth Mountains, Montana (Doctoral dissertation, Montana State University-Bozeman, College of Letters & Science)." "No evidence of a negative impact: an impact on the performance of native individuals or on the native population is not investigated, but inferred from another observation (the study informs on a potential risk posed by the alien)" Habitat and diet overlap LV August 2019 Oreamnos americanus "Dailey, T. V., Hobbs, N. T., & Woodard, T. N. (1984). Experimental comparisons of diet selection by mountain goats and mountain sheep in Colorado. The Journal of wildlife management, 799-806." "No evidence of a negative impact: an impact on the performance of native individuals or on the native population is not investigated, but inferred from another observation (the study informs on a potential risk posed by the alien)" Diet overlap LV August 2019 Oreamnos americanus "Pallister, G. L. (1974). The seasonal distribution and range use of bighorn sheep in the Beartooth Mountains, with special reference to the West Rosebud and Stillwater herds (Doctoral dissertation, Montana State University-Bozeman, College of Letters & Science)." "No evidence of a negative impact: an impact on the performance of native individuals or on the native population is not investigated, but inferred from another observation (the study informs on a potential risk posed by the alien)" No potential for impact through competition (minimal habitat and diet overlap). LV August 2019 Oreamnos americanus "DeVoe, J. D., Garrott, R. A., Rotella, J. J., Challender, S., & White, P. J. (2015). Summer Habitat Selection and Range Expansion of Non-Native Mountain Goats in the Greater Yellowstone Area. Intermountain Journal of Sciences, 21(1-4), 62." No impact described Summer habitat selection and range expansion. LV August 2019 Oreamnos americanus "O'Reilly, M., Rotella, J. J., & Garrott, R. A. (2012). Using occupancy surveys to assess summer resource selection of sympatric bighorn sheep and mountain goats in northern Yellowstone. Intermountain Journal of Sciences, 18(1-4), 70-71." "No evidence of a negative impact: an impact on the performance of native individuals or on the native population is not investigated, but inferred from another observation (the study informs on a potential risk posed by the alien)" Resource selection (the impact on the performance or population of the native populations has not been investigated) LV August 2019 Oryx gazella "Marquez, M. J., & Boecklen, W. J. (2010). Isotopic shift in an introduced population of gemsbok (Oryx gazella). Journal of arid environments, 74(8), 928-932." "No evidence of a negative impact: an impact on the performance of native individuals or on the native population is not investigated, but inferred from another observation (the study informs on a potential risk posed by the alien)" Description of the diet of the alien (the effect of the alien action on the performance of the natives is not tested) LV February 2018 Oryx gazella "Hoenes, B. D., & Bender, L. C. (2010). Relative habitat-and browse-use of native desert mule deer and exotic oryx in the greater San Andres Mountains, New Mexico. Human–Wildlife Interactions, 4(1), 4." "No evidence of a negative impact: an impact on the performance of native individuals or on the native population is not investigated, but inferred from another observation (the study informs on a potential risk posed by the alien)" "Browsing on Atriplex canescens and Cercocarpus montanus is not recorded as impact, because the study does not allow to detect an impact on these species (it only looks at browsed twigs of the two shrub and tree species, but from this, we cannot infer that their performance is affected)." LV February 2018 Oryx gazella "Reid, W. H., & Patrick, G. R. (1983). Gemsbok (Oryx gazella) in White Sands national monument. The Southwestern Naturalist, 28(1), 97-99." "No evidence of a negative impact: an impact on the performance of native individuals or on the native population is not investigated, but inferred from another observation (the study informs on a potential risk posed by the alien)" Observation of the alien feeding on plant species: how this affects the performance of the individuals has not been investigated LV; Alix Badel; Maddie Harris July 2019 Oryx gazella "Smith, C., Valdez, R., Holechek, J. L., Zwank, P. J., & Cardenas, M. (1998). Diets of native and non-native ungulates in southcentral New Mexico. The Southwestern Naturalist, 163-169." "No evidence of a negative impact: an impact on the performance of native individuals or on the native population is not investigated, but inferred from another observation (the study informs on a potential risk posed by the alien)" Faecal analyses (diet analysis of the alien) and diet overlap analyses to infer competition with Antilocapra americana. The study does not investigate the effect of this potential competition on the performance or population of Antilocapra americana (and does not mention that such impacts have been observed in other studies) LV July 2019 Ovis aries "Dawson, T. J., & Ellis, B. A. (1994). Diets of mammalian herbivores in Australian arid shrublands: seasonal effects on overlap between red kangaroos, sheep and rabbits and on dietary niche breadths and electivities. Journal of Arid Environments, 26(3), 257-271." "No evidence of a negative impact: an impact on the performance of native individuals or on the native population is not investigated, but inferred from another observation (the study informs on a potential risk posed by the alien)" Competition between red kangaroo and domestic sheep is investigated through diet overlap. LS January 2018 Ovis aries "Sage, D. J., Norton, D. A., & Espie, P. R. (2009). Effect of grazing exclusion on the woody weed Rosa rubiginosa in high country short tussock grasslands." Effect of a domestic alien population (not assessed); Impact on a an introduced shrub Not considered because this article is about the impact of domestic sheep on an introduced invasive shrub species. LS January 2018 Ovis aries "Meissner, R. A., & Facelli, J. M. (1999). Effects of sheep exclusion on the soil seed bank and annual vegetation in chenopod shrublands of South Australia. Journal of Arid Environments, 42(2), 117-128." Effect of a domestic alien population (not assessed) This study document the effect of grazing by domestic sheep on annual plant community structure through grazing exclosure. LS January 2018 Ovis aries "Nicol, J., Muston, S., D’Santos, P., McCarthy, B., & Zukowski, S. (2007). Impact of sheep grazing on the soil seed bank of a managed ephemeral wetland: implications for management. Australian Journal of Botany, 55(2), 103-109." Effect of a domestic alien population (not assessed) This study shows that showed that grazing reduces the density and species richness of the seed bank and in turn changes the plant communities derived from the seed bank. Not considered because it refers to domestic stocks. LS January 2018 Ovis aries "Nielsen, T. P., Fildes, S., & Bull, C. M. (2017). Does sheep grazing affect burrow choice of the pygmy bluetongue lizard (Tiliqua adelaidensis)?. Journal of Arid Environments, 142, 22-30." Effect of a domestic alien population (not assessed) This study investigate on the effect of grazing on burrow choice by the endagered pigmy bluetongue lizard. Not included because it refers to domestic stock. LS January 2018 Ovis aries "Norton, D. A., & Young, L. M. (2016). Effects of sheep grazing exclusion on alpine tall tussock grassland. New Zealand Journal of Ecology, 40(1), 1." Effect of a domestic alien population (not assessed) This study investigate on the effect of grazing on alpine tall tussock grassland.The exclosures showed a significant vegetation recovery but also an increase in invasive plant species. Not included because it refers to domestic stock. LS January 2018 Ovis aries "Pinter, N., & Vestal, W. D. (2005). El Niño–driven landsliding and postgrazing vegetative recovery, Santa Cruz Island, California. Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface, 110(F2)." No impact described Areas affected by grazing by feral sheep were most likely to be triggered by slope failure by El Nin˜o–driven storms. This was due to the fact that soils with less vegetation cover are more subjected to slope failures. Not included because it do not provide info on the impact on native species. LS January 2018 Ovis aries "del Pozo, A., Ovalle, C., Casado, M. A., Acosta, B., & de Miguel, J. M. (2006). Effects of grazing intensity in grasslands of the Espinal of central Chile. Journal of Vegetation Science, 17(6), 791-798." Effect of a domestic alien population (not assessed) Grazing affect the structure of grassland in central Chile. Not considered because it refers to domestic stocks. LS January 2018 Ovis aries "Price, J. N., Wong, N. K., & Morgan, J. W. (2010). Recovery of understorey vegetation after release from a long history of sheep grazing in a herb?rich woodland. Austral Ecology, 35(5), 505-514." Effect of a domestic alien population (not assessed) Sheep grazing affect vegetation density and composition. The recovery is a slow process. Not considered because it refers to domestic stocks. LS January 2018 Ovis aries "Rose, A. B., Platt, K. H., & Frampton, C. M. (1995). Vegetation change over 25 years in a New Zealand short-tussock grassland: effects of sheep grazing and exotic invasions. New Zealand Journal of Ecology, 163-174." Effect of a domestic alien population (not assessed) Prolonged grazing by sheep promote a decline of native plant species and promote invasive species. Not considered because it refers to domestic stocks. LS January 2018 Ovis aries "Walker, S., Comrie, J., Head, N., Ladley, K. J., & Clarke, D. (2016). Hawkweed invasion does not prevent indigenous non-forest vegetation recovery following grazing removal. New Zealand Journal of Ecology, 40(1), 1." Effect of a domestic alien population (not assessed) In the 18 years following removal from grazing indigenous plant cover and litter increased significantly.Not considered because it refers to domestic stocks. LS January 2018 Ovis aries "Walker, S., Wilson, J. B., & Lee, W. G. (2003). Recovery of short tussock and woody species guilds in ungrazed Festuca novae-zelandiae short tussock grassland with fertiliser or irrigation. New Zealand Journal of Ecology, 179-189." Effect of a domestic alien population (not assessed) Grazing appeared to reduce thecover of tussocks and certain woody species affecting vegetation trends. Not considered because it refers to domestic stocks. LS January 2018 Ovis aries "Dawson, T. J., & Ellis, B. A. (1996). Diets of mammalian herbivores in Australian arid, hilly shrublands: seasonal effects on overlap between euros (hill kangaroos), sheep and feral goats, and on dietary niche breadths and electivities. Journal of Arid Environments, 34(4), 491-506." "No evidence of a negative impact: an impact on the performance of native individuals or on the native population is not investigated, but inferred from another observation (the study informs on a potential risk posed by the alien)" Potential for competition is asessed with diet overlap LS January 2018 Ovis aries "Veblen, T. T., & Stewart, G. H. (1982). The effects of introduced wild animals on New Zealand forests. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 72(3), 372-397." Does not contain direct observations of impacts (review) History of mammals introductions in New Zealand. LV January 2018 Ovis aries "Van Vuren, D. H., Johnson, M. L., & Bowen, L. (2001). Impacts of feral livestock on island watersheds. Pacific Science, 55(3), 285-289." No impact on native biota is investigated: impact on stream flow. Impact on native biota is inferred. "Impact on stream flow is observed, but the resulting impact on native species is inferred." LV March 2019 Ovis aries "Relva, M. A., & Veblen, T. T. (1998). Impacts of introduced large herbivores on Austrocedrus chilensis forests in northern Patagonia, Argentina. Forest Ecology and management, 108(1), 27-40." Effect of a domestic alien population (not assessed) LV July 2019 Ovis aries "Callan, R. J., Bunch, T. D., Workman, G. W., & Mock, R. E. (1991). Development of pneumonia in desert bighorn sheep after exposure to a flock of exotic wild and domestic sheep. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 198(6), 1052-1056." "Impact observed in captivity or under experiment, but not transferable to the wild" Experimental exposure of bighorn sheep to alien (not in the wild). LV September 2019 Ovis aries "Chirichella, R., Ciuti, S., & Apollonio, M. (2013). Effects of livestock and non-native mouflon on use of high-elevation pastures by Alpine chamois. Mammalian Biology-Zeitschrift für Säugetierkunde, 78(5), 344-350." Effect of a domestic alien population (not assessed) LV October 2019 Ovis orientalis "Hess, S. C., & Jacobi, J. D. (2011). The history of mammal eradications in Hawai ‘i and the United States associated islands of the Central Pacific. Island invasives: eradication and management. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland, 67-73." Does not contain direct observations of impacts (review) LV October 2019 Ovis orientalis "Nogales, M., RODRÍGUEZ?LUENGO, J. L., & Marrero, P. (2006). Ecological effects and distribution of invasive non?native mammals on the Canary Islands. Mammal Review, 36(1), 49-65." Does not contain direct observations of impacts (review) LV October 2019 Ovis orientalis "Miranda, M., Sicilia, M., Bartolomé, J., MolinaAlcaide, E., GálvezBravo, L., & Cassinello, J. (2012). Contrasting feeding patterns of native red deer and two exotic ungulates in a Mediterranean ecosystem. Wildlife Research, 39(2), 171182." "No evidence of a negative impact: an impact on the performance of native individuals or on the native population is not investigated, but inferred from another observation (the study informs on a potential risk posed by the alien)" Description of foraging strategies (faeces analyses) to show diet overlap with the native deer Cervus elaphus hispanicus. LV October 2019 Ovis orientalis "Moreno, V., Pérez, J. M., Moreno, P. A., Granados, J. E., Ruiz-Martinez, I., Soriguer, R. C., & de Simon, M. A. (1999). Oestrid myiasis in European mouflon from Spain. Journal of wildlife diseases, 35(1), 78-81." "No evidence of a negative impact: an impact on the performance of native individuals or on the native population is not investigated, but inferred from another observation (the study informs on a potential risk posed by the alien)" "Prevalence of parasitism by Oestrus ovis, but the transmission to native wildlife (and its potential impact) has not been investigated" LV October 2019 Ovis orientalis "Sicilia, M., Miranda, M., & Cassinello, J. (2011). Spatio-temporal co-ocurrence of native and exotic ungulates in a Mediterranean environment." "No evidence of a negative impact: an impact on the performance of native individuals or on the native population is not investigated, but inferred from another observation (the study informs on a potential risk posed by the alien)" Potential interspecific competition (spatio-temporal co-occurrence of the native Cervus elaphus and two non-native species: Ammotragus lervia and Ovis orientalis) LV October 2019 Ovis orientalis "Buenavista, S., & Palomares, F. (2018). The role of exotic mammals in the diet of native carnivores from South America. Mammal review, 48(1), 37-47." Positive impact(s); No direct observation of impacts (review) LV October 2019 Ovis orientalis "Powers, J. G., Duncan, C. G., Spraker, T. R., Schuler, B. A., Hess, S. C., Faford, J. K., & Sin, H. (2014). Environmental Conditions Associated with Lesions in Introduced Free-Ranging Sheep in Hawai'i1. Pacific science, 68(1), 65-75." "No evidence of a negative impact: an impact on the performance of native individuals or on the native population is not investigated, but inferred from another observation (the study informs on a potential risk posed by the alien)" Health status of the introduced population (no transmission of disease from the introduced population to native populations described) LV October 2019 Ovis orientalis "Hess, S. C., Van Vuren, D. H., & Witmer, G. W. (2017). 14 Feral Goats and Sheep. Ecology and Management of Terrestrial Vertebrate Invasive Species in the United States." Does not contain direct observations of impacts (secondary referencing) LV October 2019 Ovis orientalis "Chirichella, R., Ciuti, S., & Apollonio, M. (2013). Effects of livestock and non-native mouflon on use of high-elevation pastures by Alpine chamois. Mammalian Biology-Zeitschrift für Säugetierkunde, 78(5), 344-350." "No evidence of a negative impact: an impact on the performance of native individuals or on the native population is not investigated, but inferred from another observation (the study informs on a potential risk posed by the alien)" "Local displacement, but the individual performance or the effect on the population size has not been investigated" LV October 2019 Ovis orientalis "Chapuis, J. L., Boussès, P., & Barnaud, G. (1994). Alien mammals, impact and management in the French subantarctic islands. Biological Conservation, 67(2), 97-104." Does not contain direct observations of impacts (secondary referencing) LV October 2019 Ovis orientalis "Rodríguez, J. L., Rodríguez, J. C., & Ramos, M. T. (1988). Autumn diet selectivity of the Corsica mouflon (Ovis ammon musimon Schreber, 1782) on Tenerife (Canary Islands). Mammalia, 52(4), 475-482." "No evidence of a negative impact: an impact on the performance of native individuals or on the native population is not investigated, but inferred from another observation (the study informs on a potential risk posed by the alien)" Description of the diet of the alien (the effect of the alien action on the performance of the natives is not tested) LV October 2019 Ovis orientalis "Marrero-Gómez, M. V., Bañares-Baudet, A., & Carqué-Alamo, E. (2003). Plant resource conservation planning in protected natural areas: an example from the Canary Islands, Spain. Biological Conservation, 113(3), 399-410." Does not contain direct observations of impacts (secondary referencing) LV October 2019 Ovis orientalis "US Fish and Wildlife Service, 2015. Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Endangered Status for 49 Species From the Hawaiian Islands; Proposed Rule. Federal Register, 80(189):58820-58909." Does not contain direct observations of impacts (secondary referencing) LV October 2019 Ovis orientalis "US Fish and Wildlife Service, 2013. Endangered and threatened wildlife and plants; determination of endangered status for 38 Species on Molokai, Lanai, and Maui; Final Rule. Federal Register, 78(102):32014-32065." Does not contain direct observations of impacts (secondary referencing) LV October 2019 Ovis orientalis "Hobdy, R. (1993). Lana'i a case study: the loss of biodiversity on a small Hawaiian island." Does not contain direct observations of impacts (review) LV October 2019 Ovis orientalis "Stone, C. P. (1985). Alien animals in Hawaii’s native ecosystems: toward controlling the adverse effects of introduced vertebrates. Hawai’i’s terrestrial ecosystems: Preservation and management, 251-297." Does not contain direct observations of impacts (secondary referencing) LV October 2019 Ovis orientalis "Cuddihy, L. W., & Stone, C. P. (1990). Alteration of native Hawaiian vegetation. University of Hawaii Cooperative National Park Study Unit." Does not contain direct observations of impacts (secondary referencing) LV October 2019 Ovis orientalis "Hess, S. C. (2008). Wild sheep and deer in Hawai'i: a threat to fragile ecosystems (No. 2008-3102). US Geological Survey." Does not contain direct observations of impacts (secondary referencing) LV October 2019 Ovis orientalis "Chapuis, J. L., Boussès, P., & Barnaud, G. (1994). Alien mammals, impact and management in the French subantarctic islands. Biological Conservation, 67(2), 97-104." Does not contain direct observations of impacts (secondary referencing) "The study mentions that ""We know little about the impact of these two un- gulates. It is certain that they have eliminated the Kerguelen cabbage and that sheep are presently tram- piing Azorella, leading to its disappearance."" (does not seem to be direct observation led by the authors), but does not refer to any article." LV October 2019 Ovis orientalis "Marrero-Gómez, M. V., Bañares-Baudet, A., & Carqué-Alamo, E. (2003). Plant resource conservation planning in protected natural areas: an example from the Canary Islands, Spain. Biological Conservation, 113(3), 399-410." Does not contain direct observations of impacts (secondary referencing) "The study mentions that ""For example, some groups with considerable power demand the maintenance of mouflon populations, which threaten several highly endangered species, such as Silene nocteolens Webb & Berth. and Stemmacantha cynaroides (Chr. Sm. in Buch) Dittrich."" (does not seem to be direct observation led by the authors), but does not refer to any article." LV October 2019 Rangifer tarandus "LeaderWilliams, N., D. W. H. Walton, and P. A. Prince. ""Introduced reindeer on South Georgia—A management dilemma."" Biological conservation 47.1 (1989): 111." Does not contain direct observations of impacts (secondary referencing) DJ December 2017 Rangifer tarandus "Chown, S. L., & Block, W. (1997). Comparative nutritional ecology of grass-feeding in a sub-Antarctic beetle: the impact of introduced species on Hydromedion sparsutum from South Georgia. Oecologia, 111(2), 216-224." "Impact observed in captivity or under experiment, but not transferable to the wild" "Laboratory experiment, not observed directly in the field" DJ July 2017 Rangifer tarandus "Staaland, H., et al. ""The introduction of reindeer to Brøggerhalvøya, Svalbard: grazing preference and effect on vegetation."" Rangifer 13.1 (1993): 1519." Re-introduced population (not assessed) DJ July 2017 Rupicapra rupicapra "Forsyth, D. M., Coomes, D. A., Nugent, G., & Hall, G. M. J. (2002). Diet and diet preferences of introduced ungulates (Order: Artiodactyla) in New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Zoology, 29(4), 323-343." "No evidence of a negative impact: an impact on the performance of native individuals or on the native population is not investigated, but inferred from another observation (the study informs on a potential risk posed by the alien)" Description of the diet of the alien (the effect of the alien action on the performance of the natives is not tested) LV October 2017 Rupricapra rupricapra "Veblen, T. T., & Stewart, G. H. (1982). The effects of introduced wild animals on New Zealand forests. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 72(3), 372-397." Does not contain direct observations of impacts (review) History of mammals introductions in New Zealand. LV January 2018 Rusa timorensis "de Garine?Wichatitsky, Michel, et al. ""The diets of introduced rusa deer (Cervus timorensis russa) in a native sclerophyll forest and a native rainforest of New Caledonia."" New Zealand Journal of Zoology 32.2 (2005): 117126." "No evidence of a negative impact: an impact on the performance of native individuals or on the native population is not investigated, but inferred from another observation (the study informs on a potential risk posed by the alien)" Description of the diet of the alien (the effect of the alien action on the performance of the natives is not tested) DJ December 2017 Rusa timorensis "Reid, S. A., et al. ""A possible role for Rusa deer (Cervus timorensis russa) and wild pigs in spread of Trypanosoma evansi from Indonesia to Papua New Guinea."" Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 94.2 (1999): 195197." "No evidence of a negative impact: an impact on the performance of native individuals or on the native population is not investigated, but inferred from another observation (the study informs on a potential risk posed by the alien)" Disease reservoir study. No desciption of impact. DJ December 2017 Rusa timorensis "Spaggiari, Jérôme, and M. de Garine?Wichatitsky. ""Home range and habitat use of introduced rusa deer (Cervus timorensis russa) in a mosaic of savannah and native sclerophyll forest of New Caledonia."" New Zealand Journal of Zoology 33.3 (2006): 175183." "No evidence of a negative impact: an impact on the performance of native individuals or on the native population is not investigated, but inferred from another observation (the study informs on a potential risk posed by the alien)" The study merely describes habitat usage of the deer and infers this has an effect on native species. Therefore it cannot be used to describe an impact magnitude. DJ December 2017 Rusa timorensis "Blanfort, V., and W. Orapa. ""Ecology, impacts and management of invasive plant species in pastoral areas."" Regional workshop on invasive plant species in pastoral areas, 20031124/20031128, Koné, NouvelleCalédonie. SPC, 2008." Does not contain direct observations of impacts (secondary referencing) No direct observation of impact DJ December 2017 Rusa timorensis "Moriarty, Andrew J. ""Ecology and environmental impact of Javan rusa deer (Cervus timorensis russa) in the Royal National Park."" (2004)." "No evidence of a negative impact: an impact on the performance of native individuals or on the native population is not investigated, but inferred from another observation (the study informs on a potential risk posed by the alien)" Study determines deer density in introduced range and observes the diet of alien species but it does not measure the effects on native species. The effects described are inferred DJ December 2017 Rusa timorensis "Chatterton, Paul. ""Conservation by Communities of the Tonda Wildlife Management Area."" World Wildlife Fund, accessed on 15 (2004)." Too vague description of the impact to classify it "Alien is mentioned to ""[…] have “moulded the whole area”, causing change in herbaceous species due to soil compaction.""" DJ July 2017 Rusa unicolor "Stafford, K.J. I997: The diet and trace element status of sambar deer (Cervus unicolor) in Manawatu district, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Zoology 24: 267271." "No evidence of a negative impact: an impact on the performance of native individuals or on the native population is not investigated, but inferred from another observation (the study informs on a potential risk posed by the alien)" Description of the diet of the alien (the effect of the alien action on the performance of the natives is not tested) LV February 2018 Rusa unicolor "Forsyth D.M., Davis N.E., 2011. Diets of NonNative Deer in Australia Estimated by Macroscopic Versus MicrohistologicalRumen Analysis. The Journal of Wildlife Management, Vol. 75, No. 6 (August 2011), pp. 14881497" "No evidence of a negative impact: an impact on the performance of native individuals or on the native population is not investigated, but inferred from another observation (the study informs on a potential risk posed by the alien)" Description of the diet of the alien (the effect of the alien action on the performance of the natives is not tested) LV February 2018 Rusa unicolor "Conry, P.J. (1988) Management of feral and exotic game species on Guam. Trans.West Sect.Wildl. Soc. 24: 26–30." Refuted impact "Refuted causality by Leslie (2011) states that the supposed population of Rusa unicolor on Guam is in fact a different species; Rusa marianna. Leslie Jr, D. M. (2011). Rusa unicolor (Artiodactyla: Cervidae). Mammalian Species, 43(1), 1-30." LV; Maddie Harris September 2017 Rusa unicolor "Peel, B., Bilney, R. J., & Bilney, R. J. (2005). Observations of the ecological impacts of Sambar Cervus unicolor in East Gippsland, Victoria, with reference to destruction of rainforest communities. The Victorian Naturalist, 122(4), 189-200." "No evidence of a negative impact: an impact on the performance of native individuals or on the native population is not investigated, but inferred from another observation (the study informs on a potential risk posed by the alien)" "The threat upon rainforest in East Gippsland is also likely to affect fauna dependent on this habitat type (for roosting, nesting or foraging, such as migratory birds); increased predation pressures on small native mammals (deer trails create corridors along which introducted predators can move); increased predation on small mammals because of an increase of the wild dog population (by providing increased access to reliable food supplies); degradation of habitat of fish and other aquatic species (through erosion)" LV January 2018 Rusa unicolor "Bowman, F. (2014). A pilot study examining the ecological and human dimensions of wild deer management, Nariel Valley Victoria. B. Sc.(Hons) Thesis, University of Canberra, Canberra." "No evidence of a negative impact: an impact on the performance of native individuals or on the native population is not investigated, but inferred from another observation (the study informs on a potential risk posed by the alien)" Water quality decline; alteration of structure and composition of forest communities (browsing); loss of suitable habitat for native animals (e.g small birds) (if browsing causes the loss of understory cover); increased predation pressures on small native mammals (deer trails create corridors along which introducted predators can move) LV January 2018 Rusa unicolor "Semiadil, G., Barry, T. N., Muir, P. D., & Hodgson, J. (1995). Dietary preferences of sambar (Cervus unicolor) and red deer (Cervus elaphus) offered browse, forage legume and grass species. The Journal of Agricultural Science, 125(1), 99-107." "No evidence of a negative impact: an impact on the performance of native individuals or on the native population is not investigated, but inferred from another observation (the study informs on a potential risk posed by the alien)" Description of the diet of the alien (the effect of the alien action on the performance of the natives is not tested) LV January 2018 Rusa unicolor "Veblen, T. T., & Stewart, G. H. (1982). The effects of introduced wild animals on New Zealand forests. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 72(3), 372-397." Does not contain direct observations of impacts (review) History of mammals introductions in New Zealand. LV January 2018 Rusa unicolor "Forsyth, D. M., Coomes, D. A., Nugent, G., & Hall, G. M. J. (2002). Diet and diet preferences of introduced ungulates (Order: Artiodactyla) in New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Zoology, 29(4), 323-343." "No evidence of a negative impact: an impact on the performance of native individuals or on the native population is not investigated, but inferred from another observation (the study informs on a potential risk posed by the alien)" Description of the diet of the alien (the effect of the alien action on the performance of the natives is not tested) LV October 2017 Rusa unicolor "Milner, A. R., Wilks, C. R., Spratt, D. M., & Presidente, P. J. A. (1981). The prevalence of anti-leptospiral agglutinins in sera of wildlife in southeastern Australia. Journal of wildlife diseases, 17(2), 197-202." No impact described "None of the alien individuals in the study were seropositive to leprospiral agglutinins. This suggests that they cannot transmit it to native species as they do not carry it, although a very small sample size (n=6) was used so we cannot conclude anything from this." LV February 2018 Sus scrofa "Means, D. B., & Travis, J. (2007). Declines in ravine-inhabiting dusky salamanders of the southeastern US Coastal Plain. Southeastern Naturalist, 6(1), 83-96." "No evidence of a negative impact: an impact on the performance of native individuals or on the native population is not investigated, but inferred from another observation (the study informs on a potential risk posed by the alien)" "This study investigates the decline of several species of Dusky salamanders (subfamily Desmognathinae). The impact of feral pigs is inferred on the basis of existing literature, not demonstrated experimentally " LS January 2018 Sus scrofa "Everett, W. T. (1988). Notes from Clarion Island. Condor 90:512-513." Does not contain direct observations of impacts (secondary referencing) LS January 2018 Sus scrofa "Melstrom, R. (2014). Managing apparent competition between the feral pig and native foxes of Santa Cruz Island. Ecological Economics, 107: 157-162." Does not contain direct observations of impacts (secondary referencing) "The article discuss different management methods to control feral pig that caused decline in island fox by apparent competition, but does not discuss the impact. " LS January 2018 Sus scrofa "Coonan, T. J. (2003). Recovery strategy for island foxes (Urocyon littoralis) on the northern Channel Islands. National Park Service, Ventura, CA." Does not contain direct observations of impacts (secondary referencing) Not included because this technical report review articles that have been used for the classification (Roemer et al. 2001; Roemer et al. 2002) LS January 2018 Sus scrofa "Pavlov, P.M., 1991. Feral pigs—ungulate predators. New Zealand Journal of Ecology 4, 132–133." No impact on native biota is investigated: impact on domestic livestock. The study focuses on the predation of feral pigs on domestic sheep lambs. LS January 2018 Sus scrofa "Engeman, R. M., Stevens, A., Allen, J., Dunlap, J., Daniel, M., Teague, D., & Constantin, B. (2007). Feral swine management for conservation of an imperiled wetland habitat: Florida’s vanishing seepage slopes. Biological Conservation, 134(3), 440-446." No impact described "Not included because the article focus on the reduction of the impact by feral pigs on seapage slope by sport hunting and removal, rather than quantifying the magnitude of the impact" LS January 2018 Sus scrofa "Lacki, M. J., & Lancia, R. A. (1986). Effects of wild pigs on beech growth in Great Smoky Mountains National Park. The Journal of wildlife management 50 (4): 655-659." Positive impact(s) Not included because this study suggest a positive effect of wild pig roting on forest regeneration rather than an impact. Beech in areas impacted by pig rooting showed significantly greater shoot elongation. LS January 2018 Sus scrofa "Lott, R. H., Harrington, G. N., Irvine, A. K., & McIntyre, S. (1995). Density-dependent seed predation and plant dispersion of the tropical palm Normanbya normanbyi. Biotropica, 87-95." No impact described The study was not included because it focus on describing the response of seed predators to density of seeds and the distance between seed sources rather than describing any impact on the palm. LS January 2018 Sus scrofa "La Rosa, A.M. 1992. The status of banana poka in Hawai'i. In C.P. Stone, C.W. Smith, and J.T.Tunison (editors), Alien plant invasions in native ecosystems of Hawai'i, pp. 271-293. University of Hawai'i, Cooperative National Park Resources Studies Unit" Does not contain direct observations of impacts (secondary referencing) "The article describes the role of feral pig in dispersal of Banana poka (Passiflora mollissima), an invader plant. Not included because it is mainly a review and some impact are inferred" LS January 2018 Sus scrofa "LaRosa, A.M. 1984. The biology and ecology of Passifora mollissima in Hawaii. M.S. thesis, Univ. Hawaii, Honolulu." "Impact observed in captivity or under experiment, but not transferable to the wild" "The article describes the role of feral pig in dispersal of Banana poka (Passiflora mollissima), an invader plant. Not included because the role of feral pig as disperser through endozoocory was investigated in captivity" LS January 2018 Sus scrofa "Tunison, J.T., L.W. Cuddihy, R. Loh-McMahon, and D. Kageler. (1994) Early succession in pig-disturbed mountain parkland, Hawai`i Volcanoes National Park. Tech. Rep., Univ. Hawai`i Coop. Natl. Park Resour. Stud. Unit. Honolulu." No impact described The study focuses on the efficiency of pig removal (tests plant colonization process after pig removal) LS January 2018 Sus scrofa "Stone, C. P., Cuddihy, L. W., & Tunison, J. T. (1992). Responses of Hawaiian ecosystems to removal of feral pigs and goats. Alien plant invasions in native ecosystems of hawai’i: management and research, 666-704." Does not contain direct observations of impacts (review) LS January 2018 Sus scrofa "Lipscomb, D. J. (1989) Impacts of feral hogs on longleaf pine regeneration. S. J. Appl. Forestry, 13:177–181." No impact on native biota is investigated: impact on planted stands. "Wild hog feed on seedlings of longleaf pine affecting regeneration. Reference not included because it refers to damages to planted stands, not to natural environments" LS January 2018 Sus scrofa "Chavarria, P.M., Lopez, R.R., Bowser, G. & Silvy, N.J. (2007) A landscape-level survey of feral hog impacts to natural resources of the Big Thicket National Preserve. Human–Wildlife Conflicts 1(2):199–204." No impact described "Not included because this article focus more on the distribution of rooted area, aiming at describing which are the most impacted environments. However information is not transferrable into an EICAT category." LS January 2018 Sus scrofa "Elledge, A. E., McAlpine, C. A., Murray, P. J., & Gordon, I. J. (2013). Modelling habitat preferences of feral pigs for rooting in lowland rainforest. Biological invasions, 15(7), 1523-1535." No impact described Not included because this article describes patch selection by peral pigs for rooting activities.However no information useful for EICAT classification were given LS January 2018 Sus scrofa "Hone, J. (1995). Spatial and temporal aspects of vertebrate pest damage with emphasis on feral pigs. Journal of Applied Ecology, 311-319." No impact described "Not included because this article analyses spatial and temporal patterns of pig damage, but do not provide information that are useful for EICAT classification." LS January 2018 Sus scrofa "Hone, J. (2002). Feral pigs in Namadgi National Park, Australia: dynamics, impacts and management. Biological Conservation, 105: 231-242." Study not describing an impact transferrable into one of the EICAT categories "The study descrtibe the extent and the characteristic of wild pig rooting in Namadgi National Park. The short term impact on rooted plot is described as a decrease in species richness, but the information provided are at a broad scale that is not useful for EICAT" LS January 2018 Sus scrofa "Mitchell, J., Dorney, W., Mayer, R., & McIlroy, J. (2008). Spatial and temporal patterns of feral pig diggings in rainforests of north Queensland. Wildlife Research, 34(8), 597-602." Study not describing an impact transferrable into one of the EICAT categories "Not included because this article analyse spatial and temporal patterns of pig damage, but do not provide information that are useful for EICAT classification." LS January 2018 Sus scrofa "Ford, M. A., & Grace, J. B. (1998). Effects of vertebrate herbivores on soil processes, plant biomass, litter accumulation and soil elevation changes in a coastal marsh. Journal of Ecology, 86(6), 974-982." No impact on native biota is investigated: impact on soil properties. "Not included because it report only impact on soil, but it is not investigated the outcomes on native species." LS January 2018 Sus scrofa "Dunkell, D. O., Bruland, G. L., Evensen, C. I., & Walker, M. J. (2011). Effects of feral pig (Sus scrofa) exclusion on enterococci in runoff from the forested headwaters of a Hawaiian watershed. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, 221(1-4), 313-326." No impact on native biota is investigated: impact on runoff and sediment transport. Feral pigs and other mammals are influencing Enterococci levels in runoff and soil at certain sites. LS January 2018 Sus scrofa "Dunkell, D., Bruland, G., Evensen, C. & Litton, M. (2011). Runoff, Sediment Transport and Effects of Feral Pig (Sus scrofa) Exclusion in a Forested Hawaiian Watershed. Pacific Science 65 (2): 175-194." No impact on native biota is investigated: impact on runoff and sediment transport. "The study investigate the effects of feral pigs on runoff volume and total suspended solids in runoff from the upper forested area of a Hawaiian watershed." LS January 2018 Sus scrofa "Howe, T. D., & Bratton, S. P. (1976). Winter rooting activity of the European wild boar in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park. Castanea, 256-264." No impact described Not included because it describe spatial pattern of rooting in winter but do not quantify the impact on native species LS January 2018 Sus scrofa "Moody, A. & Jones, J. A. (2000). Soil response to canopy position and feral pig disturbance beneath Quercus agrifolia on Santa Cruz Island, California. Applied Soil Ecology 14: 269–281" No impact on native biota is investigated: impact on soil properties. The study investigate the impact of feral pig on soil properties; no effect was found. LS January 2018 Sus scrofa "Ballari, S. A., Cuevas, M. F., Cirignoli, S., & Valenzuela, A. E. (2015). Invasive wild boar in Argentina: using protected areas as a research platform to determine distribution, impacts and management. Biological Invasions, 17(6), 1595-1602." Does not contain direct observations of impacts (review) "Review on the distribution, management and impact of wild boar in protected areas in Argentina." LS January 2018 Sus scrofa "Elsey, R. M., Mouton Jr, E. C., & Kinler, N. (2012). Effects of feral swine (Sus scrofa) on alligator (Alligator mississippiensis) nests in Louisiana. Southeastern Naturalist, 11(2), 205-218." No impact on native biota is investigated: impact on farmed animals. Not included because the impacted alligator nests are from commercial farming LS January 2018 Sus scrofa "Engeman, R. M., Orzell, S. L., Felix, R. K., Tillman, E. A., Killian, G., & Avery, M. L. (2016). Feral swine damage to globally imperiled wetland plant communities in a significant biodiversity hotspot in Florida. Biodiversity and Conservation, 25(10), 1879-1898." No impact described Not included because this article analyses spatial and temporal patterns of pig damage. LS January 2018 Sus scrofa "Hancock, G. R., Lowry, J. B. C., & Dever, C. (2017). Surface Disturbance and Erosion by Pigs: A Medium Term Assessment for the Monsoonal Tropics. Land Degradation & Development, 28(1), 255-264." No impact described Not included because this article analyses spatial and temporal patterns of pig damage. LS January 2018 Sus scrofa "Long, M. S., Litton, C. M., Giardina, C. P., Deenik, J., Cole, R. J., & Sparks, J. P. (2017) Impact of nonnative feral pig removal on soil structure and nutrient availability in Hawaiian tropical montane wet forests. Biological Invasions, 1-15." No impact on native biota is investigated: impact on soil properties. "This study documented that feral pig removal from tropical montane wet forests impacts a suite of soil physical and chemical properties, with an overall increase in soil structure and nutrient availability." LS January 2018 Sus scrofa "Nogueira-Filho, S. L., Nogueira, S. S., & Fragoso, J. M. (2009). Ecological impacts of feral pigs in the Hawaiian Islands. Biodiversity and Conservation, 18(14), 3677." Does not contain direct observations of impacts (secondary referencing) LS January 2018 Sus scrofa "O'Connor, S. J., & Kelly, D. (2012). Seed dispersal of matai (Prumnopitys taxifolia) by feral pigs (Sus scrofa). New Zealand Journal of Ecology, 228-231." Positive impact(s) Feral pigs act as seed disperser of the native plant matai. LS January 2018 Sus scrofa "Strauch, A. M., Bruland, G. L., MacKenzie, R. A., & Giardina, C. P. (2016). Soil and hydrological responses to wild pig (Sus scofa) exclusion from native and strawberry guava (Psidium cattleianum)-invaded tropical montane wet forests. Geoderma, 279, 53-60." No impact on native biota is investigated: impact on soil properties. "Reduced canopy cover and greater pig activity in native forests resulted in higher runoff volumes, soil erosion rates." LS January 2018 Sus scrofa "Desbiez, A., Santos, S., Keuroghlian, A. & Bodmer, R. E. (2009). Niche partitioning among white-lipped peccaries (Tayassu pecari), collared peccaries (Pecari tajacu), and feral pigs (Sus scrofa). Journal of Mammalogy, 90: 119–128." "No evidence of a negative impact: an impact on the performance of native individuals or on the native population is not investigated, but inferred from another observation (the study informs on a potential risk posed by the alien)" Competition studied by examining resource partitioning that does not provide direct proof of competition LS January 2018 Sus scrofa "Galetti, M., Camargo, H., Siqueira, T., Keuroghlian, A., Donatti, C. I., Jorge, M. L. S., ... & Ribeiro, M. C. (2015). Diet overlap and foraging activity between feral pigs and native peccaries in the pantanal. PloS one, 10(11), e0141459." "No evidence of a negative impact: an impact on the performance of native individuals or on the native population is not investigated, but inferred from another observation (the study informs on a potential risk posed by the alien)" Competition measured as diet and habitat overlap LS January 2018 Sus scrofa "Ilse, L. M., & Hellgren, E. C. (1995). Resource partitioning in sympatric populations of collared peccaries and feral hogs in southern Texas. Journal of Mammalogy, 76(3), 784-799." "No evidence of a negative impact: an impact on the performance of native individuals or on the native population is not investigated, but inferred from another observation (the study informs on a potential risk posed by the alien)" Competition measured as diet and habitat overlap LS January 2018 Sus scrofa "Taylor, R. B., & Hellgren, E. C. (1997). Diet of feral hogs in the western South Texas Plains. The Southwestern Naturalist, 33-39." "No evidence of a negative impact: an impact on the performance of native individuals or on the native population is not investigated, but inferred from another observation (the study informs on a potential risk posed by the alien)" Competition measured as diet overlap LS January 2018 Sus scrofa "Desbiez, A. L., & Keuroghlian, A. (2009). Can bite force be used as a basis for niche separation between native peccaries and introduced feral pigs in the Brazilian Pantanal?. Mammalia, 73(4), 369-372." "No evidence of a negative impact: an impact on the performance of native individuals or on the native population is not investigated, but inferred from another observation (the study informs on a potential risk posed by the alien)" Competition measured as diet overlap and morphlogical comparison LS January 2018 Sus scrofa "Diong C. H. (1982) Population biology and management of the feral pig (Sus scrofa L.) in Kipahulu Valley, Maui (PhD Thesis).University of Hawaii, Honolulu." "No evidence of a negative impact: an impact on the performance of native individuals or on the native population is not investigated, but inferred from another observation (the study informs on a potential risk posed by the alien)" "The study demonstrate that feral pigs scat contain viable seeds of invasive plants, but it doesn't describe the outcomes on native species" LS January 2018 Sus scrofa "Barrios-Garcia, M. N. & Simberloff, D. (2013). Linking the pattern to the mechanism: how an exotic mammal promotes plant invasions. Austral Ecology, 38(8): 884-890." "No evidence of a negative impact: an impact on the performance of native individuals or on the native population is not investigated, but inferred from another observation (the study informs on a potential risk posed by the alien)" "The role of wild boar in dispersal of alien plants is demonstrated, but the outcome on native species is not mentioned" LS January 2018 Sus scrofa "Cushman, J.H., Tierney, T.A. & Hinds, J.M. (2004) Variable effects of feral pig disturbances on native and exotic plants in a Californian grassland. Ecological Applications 14(6): 1746-1756." "No evidence of a negative impact: an impact on the performance of native individuals or on the native population is not investigated, but inferred from another observation (the study informs on a potential risk posed by the alien)" "The role of wild boar in dispersal of alien plants is demonstrated, but the outcome on native species is not mentioned" LS January 2018 Sus scrofa "Aplet, G. H., Anderson, S. J., & Stone, C. P. (1991). Association between feral pig disturbance and the composition of some alien plant assemblages in Hawaii Volcanoes National Park. Plant Ecology, 95(1), 55-62." "No evidence of a negative impact: an impact on the performance of native individuals or on the native population is not investigated, but inferred from another observation (the study informs on a potential risk posed by the alien)" "The role of wild boar in dispersal of alien plants is demonstrated, but the outcome on native species is not mentioned" LS January 2018 Sus scrofa "Beavon, M. A., & Kelly, D. (2015). Dispersal of banana passionfruit (Passiflora tripartita var. mollissima) by exotic mammals in New Zealand facilitates plant invasiveness. New Zealand Journal of Ecology, 39(1), 43." "No evidence of a negative impact: an impact on the performance of native individuals or on the native population is not investigated, but inferred from another observation (the study informs on a potential risk posed by the alien)" "The role of wild boar in dispersal of alien plants is demonstrated, but the outcome on native species is not mentioned" LS January 2018 Sus scrofa "Grice, A. C. (1996). Seed production, dispersal and germination in Cryptostegia grandiflora and Ziziphus mauritiana, two invasive shrubs in tropical woodlands of northern Australia. Australian Journal of Ecology, 21(3), 324-331." "No evidence of a negative impact: an impact on the performance of native individuals or on the native population is not investigated, but inferred from another observation (the study informs on a potential risk posed by the alien)" "The role of wild boar in dispersal of alien plants is demonstrated, but the outcome on native species is not mentioned" LS January 2018 Sus scrofa "Lynes, B. C. & Campbell, S. D. (2000) Germination and viability of mesquite (Prosopis pallida) seed following ingestion and excretion by feral pigs (Sus scrofa). Tropical Grasslands 34: 125-128" "No evidence of a negative impact: an impact on the performance of native individuals or on the native population is not investigated, but inferred from another observation (the study informs on a potential risk posed by the alien)" "The role of wild boar in dispersal of alien plants is demonstrated, but the outcome on native species is not mentioned" LS January 2018 Sus scrofa "Spatz, G., & Mueller-Dombois, D. (1972). Succession patterns after pig digging in grassland communities of Mauna Loa, Hawaii. Tecnical Report n 15, University of Hawaii, 71 pp" "No evidence of a negative impact: an impact on the performance of native individuals or on the native population is not investigated, but inferred from another observation (the study informs on a potential risk posed by the alien)" "The role of wild boar in dispersal of alien plants is demonstrated, but the outcome on native species is not mentioned" LS January 2018 Sus scrofa "Tierney, T. A. & Cushman, J. H. (2006). Temporal changes in native and exotic vegetation and soil characteristics following disturbances by feral pigs in a California grassland. Biological Invasions 8(5):1073-1089" "No evidence of a negative impact: an impact on the performance of native individuals or on the native population is not investigated, but inferred from another observation (the study informs on a potential risk posed by the alien)" "The role of wild boar in dispersal of alien plants is demonstrated, but the outcome on native species is not mentioned" LS January 2018 Sus scrofa "Oldfield, C. A., & Evans, J. P. (2016). Twelve years of repeated wild hog activity promotes population maintenance of an invasive clonal plant in a coastal dune ecosystem. Ecology and evolution, 6(8), 2569-2578." "No evidence of a negative impact: an impact on the performance of native individuals or on the native population is not investigated, but inferred from another observation (the study informs on a potential risk posed by the alien)" "The role of wild boar in dispersal of alien plants is demonstrated, but the outcome on native species is not mentioned" LS January 2018 Sus scrofa "Nuñez, M. A., Hayward, J., Horton, T. R., Amico, G. C., Dimarco, R. D., Barrios-Garcia, M. N., & Simberloff, D. (2013). Exotic mammals disperse exotic fungi that promote invasion by exotic trees. PLoS One, 8(6), e66832." "No evidence of a negative impact: an impact on the performance of native individuals or on the native population is not investigated, but inferred from another observation (the study informs on a potential risk posed by the alien)" "The role of wild boar in dispersal of alien plants is demonstrated, but the outcome on native species is not mentioned" LS January 2018 Sus scrofa "Setter, M., Bradford, M., Dorney, B., Lynes, B., Mitchell, J., Setter, S., & Westcott, D. (2002). Pond apple: are the endangered cassowary and feral pig helping this weed to invade Queensland’s wet tropics. Weeds: threats now and forever, 173-176." "No evidence of a negative impact: an impact on the performance of native individuals or on the native population is not investigated, but inferred from another observation (the study informs on a potential risk posed by the alien)" "The role of wild boar in dispersal of alien plants is demonstrated, but the outcome on native species is not mentioned" LS January 2018 Sus scrofa "Krull, C. R., & Egeter, B. (2016). Feral pig (Sus scrofa) predation of a green and golden bell frog (Litoria aurea). New Zealand Journal of Ecology, 40(1), 1." "No evidence of a negative impact: an impact on the performance of native individuals or on the native population is not investigated, but inferred from another observation (the study informs on a potential risk posed by the alien)" "Study on stomac contents of a single pig. From a stomac content analysis, it is impossible to understand if the frog has been consumed alive or as a carrion." LS January 2018 Sus scrofa "Challies, C. N. (1975). Feral pigs (Sus scrofa) on Auckland Island: status, and effects on vegetation and nesting sea birds. New Zealand Journal of Zoology, 2(4), 479-490." "No evidence of a negative impact: an impact on the performance of native individuals or on the native population is not investigated, but inferred from another observation (the study informs on a potential risk posed by the alien)" "The impact is not demonstrated but inferred using historical and anedoctical data. Diet is measured demonstrating the consumption of sea bird, but the author claim that it could also be carrion consumption." LS January 2018 Sus scrofa "Veblen, T. T., & Stewart, G. H. (1982). The effects of introduced wild animals on New Zealand forests. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 72(3), 372-397." Does not contain direct observations of impacts (review) History of mammals introductions in New Zealand. LV January 2018 Sus scrofa "Coblentz, B. E., & Baber, D. W. (1987). Biology and control of feral pigs on Isla Santiago, Galapagos, Ecuador. Journal of Applied Ecology, 403-418." "No evidence of a negative impact: an impact on the performance of native individuals or on the native population is not investigated, but inferred from another observation (the study informs on a potential risk posed by the alien)" Evidence for herbivory is only seen through stomach content analysis: whether native plants suffer from it has not been tested in this study DJ March 2019 Sus scrofa "Coblentz, B. E., & Baber, D. W. (1987). Biology and control of feral pigs on Isla Santiago, Galapagos, Ecuador. Journal of Applied Ecology, 403-418." "No evidence of a negative impact: an impact on the performance of native individuals or on the native population is not investigated, but inferred from another observation (the study informs on a potential risk posed by the alien)" Evidence for herbivory is only seen through stomach content analysis. DJ March 2019 Sus scrofa "Neronov, V. M., Khlyap, L. A., Bobrov, V. V., & Warshavsky, A. A. (2008). Alien species of mammals and their impact on natural ecosystems in the biosphere reserves of Russia. Integrative zoology, 3(2), 83-94." Too vague description of the impact to classify it "The desription does not allow to assign an impact magnitude (""great damage"" is a too vague description of the impact)" LV June 2019 Sus scrofa "Nogueira-Filho, S. L., Nogueira, S. S., & Fragoso, J. M. (2009). Ecological impacts of feral pigs in the Hawaiian Islands. Biodiversity and Conservation, 18(14), 3677." Does not contain direct observations of impacts (review) DJ July 2017 Sus scrofa "Natusch, D. J., Mayer, M., Lyons, J. A., & Shine, R. (2016). Interspecific interactions between feral pigs and native birds reveal both positive and negative effects. Austral Ecology." Positive impact(s) DJ; LS; LV March 2019 Sus scrofa "Friend, G. R., & Cellier, K. M. (1990). Wetland herpetofauna of Kakadu National Park, Australia: seasonal richness trends, habitat preferences and the effects of feral ungulates. Journal of Tropical Ecology, 6(02), 131-152." "No evidence of a negative impact: an impact on the performance of native individuals or on the native population is not investigated, but inferred from another observation (the study informs on a potential risk posed by the alien)" The study mentions that the extent of feral animal impact cannot be quantified due to a lack of pre-buffalo and pig data LS; LV March 2019 Sus scrofa "Hegel, C. G. Z., Santos, L. R., Marinho, J. R., & Marini, M. Â. Is the wild pig the real “big bad wolf”? Negative effects of wild pig on Atlantic Forest mammals. Biological Invasions, 1-14." "No evidence of a negative impact: an impact on the performance of native individuals or on the native population is not investigated, but inferred from another observation (the study informs on a potential risk posed by the alien)" Camera traps for detecting behavioral avoidance LV August 2019 Sus scrofa "Randi, E. (2005). Management of wild ungulate populations in Italy: captive-breeding, hybridisation and genetic consequences of translocations. Veterinary Research Communications, 29(2), 71-75." Re-introduced population (not assessed) Translocation of captive-reproduced stocks for local reintroductions or restocking of exploited wild populations. LV September 2019 Sus scrofa "Singer, F.J., Swank, W.T. & Clebsch, E.E.C. (1984) Effects of wild pig rooting in a deciduous forest. Journal of Wildlife Management 48(2): 464-473." "No evidence of a negative impact: an impact on the performance of native individuals or on the native population is not investigated, but inferred from another observation (the study informs on a potential risk posed by the alien)" "The fact that the performance of native individuals is affected is inferred from their avoidance behavior of the alien, but is not directly investigated" DJ; LS; LV March 2019 Sus scrofa "Desbiez, A. L. J., Santos, S. A., Keuroghlian, A., & Bodmer, R. E. (2009). Niche partitioning among white-lipped peccaries (Tayassu pecari), collared peccaries (Pecari tajacu), and feral pigs (Sus scrofa). Journal of Mammalogy, 90(1), 119-128." "No evidence of a negative impact: an impact on the performance of native individuals or on the native population is not investigated, but inferred from another observation (the study informs on a potential risk posed by the alien)" Low habitat and diet overlap to infer no impact through competition. LV September 2019 Sus scrofa "Oliveira-Santos, L. G., Dorazio, R. M., Tomas, W. M., Mourao, G., & Fernandez, F. A. (2011). No evidence of interference competition among the invasive feral pig and two native peccary species in a Neotropical wetland. Journal of Tropical Ecology, 27(05), 557-561." "No evidence of a negative impact: an impact on the performance of native individuals or on the native population is not investigated, but inferred from another observation (the study informs on a potential risk posed by the alien)" Camera traps for detecting behavioral avoidance DJ; LS; LV March 2019 Sus scrofa "Stone, C. P. (1985). Alien animals in Hawaii’s native ecosystems: toward controlling the adverse effects of introduced vertebrates. Hawai’i’s terrestrial ecosystems: Preservation and management, 251-297." Does not contain direct observations of impacts (secondary referencing) LV October 2019 Sus scrofa "Roemer, G. W., Donlan, C. J. & Courchamp, F. (2002). Golden eagles, feral pigs and insular carnivores: how exotic species turn native predators into prey. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 99: 791-796." "Negative impact already assessed (the data used in this study have been published in another article, which has been assessed)" Study investigated the impact described in the assessed report from Roemer et al. (2001) on Santa Cruz Island in more details and showed how the alien restructured the whole island food web LV March 2019 Taurotragus derbianus "Borroto-Páez, R., & Mancina, C. A. (2017). Biodiversity and conservation of Cuban mammals: past, present, and invasive species. Journal of Mammalogy, 98(4), 964-985." Does not contain direct observations of impacts (risk assessment) Impact of Taurotragus derbianus is classified as DD in Cuba [See appendix II]. LV November 2017 Taurotragus derbianus "Department of Environmental Affairs. (2014). National Environmental Management: Biodiversity Act 2004 (Act No. 10 of 2004) Alien and Invasive Species Lists. Government Gazette of South Africa, (sPretoria)." Does not contain direct observations of impacts (risk assessment) "The alien species is classified in the List 3, category 2 (""invasive species regulated by area […]"")" LV November 2017 Tragelaphus eurycerus "Department of Environmental Affairs. (2014). National Environmental Management: Biodiversity Act 2004 (Act No. 10 of 2004) Alien and Invasive Species Lists. Government Gazette of South Africa, (sPretoria)." Does not contain direct observations of impacts (risk assessment) "The alien species is classified in the List 3, category 1 (""invasive species requiring compulsory control, for example, all hybrids and the lesser kudu (Tragelaphus imberbis)"")" LV January 2018 Tragelaphus imberbis "Department of Environmental Affairs. (2014). National Environmental Management: Biodiversity Act 2004 (Act No. 10 of 2004) Alien and Invasive Species Lists. Government Gazette of South Africa, (sPretoria)." Does not contain direct observations of impacts (risk assessment) "The alien species is classified in the List 3, category 1a (""invasive species requiring compulsory control, for example, all hybrids and the lesser kudu (Tragelaphus imberbis)"")" LV January 2018 Tragelaphus spekii "Department of Environmental Affairs. (2014). National Environmental Management: Biodiversity Act 2004 (Act No. 10 of 2004) Alien and Invasive Species Lists. Government Gazette of South Africa, (sPretoria)." Does not contain direct observations of impacts (risk assessment) "The alien species is classified in the List 3, category 2 (""invasive species regulated by area […]"")" LV January 2018 Tragelaphus spekii "Department of Environmental Affairs. (2014). National Environmental Management: Biodiversity Act 2004 (Act No. 10 of 2004) Alien and Invasive Species Lists. Government Gazette of South Africa, (sPretoria)." Does not contain direct observations of impacts (risk assessment) "The alien species is classified in the List 3, category 1a (""invasive species requiring compulsory control, for example, all hybrids and the lesser kudu (Tragelaphus imberbis)""" LV January 2018