Alien species name Inaccessible report Reason for suspecting the inaccessible report to contain relevant impact observations Source reference (in case of secondary referencing) Quotation (in case of secondary referencing) or abstract Impact mechanism Impacted native species Impact score Precise location Country Assessor comment Assessor Date of assessment Ammotragus lervia "Simpson, C. D., L.J. Krysl, D.B. Hampy, and G.G. Gray. 1978. The Barbary sheep: A threat to desert bighorn survival. Transactions of the Desert Bighorn Council 22:26-31." Secondary referencing "Roemer, G. W., D. Auerbach, K. E. Young, T. S. Schrader and M. A. Andersen. 2007. Exotic animal management plan: Final Environmental Assessment, Big Bend National Park, Texas. New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM. 135 pp." "Aoudad are thought to hamper reintroduction of desert bighorn and restrict bighorn range expansion, perhaps because of resource competition (C. Brewer pers. comm., Simpson et al. 1978)." Competition Ovis canadensis mexicana MO Texas United States LV July 2018 Ammotragus lervia "Mungall, E.C., and W.J. Sheffield. 1994. Exotics on the Range: The Texas Example. Texas A&M University Press. College Station." Secondary referencing "Roemer, G. W., D. Auerbach, K. E. Young, T. S. Schrader and M. A. Andersen. 2007. Exotic animal management plan: Final Environmental Assessment, Big Bend National Park, Texas. New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM. 135 pp." "Aoudad, or Barbary Sheep (Ammotragus lervia), are well established in Texas and, in addition to being socially dominant to native desert bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis mexicana) (Mungall and Sheffield 1994), could act as disease reservoirs that facilitate the local extirpation of the more susceptible bighorn (Richomme 2005, Simpson et al. 1978). [...] The free-ranging aoudad population in Texas is substantially larger than that of the desert bighorn as a result of rapid population growth following intentional introductions in the 1950s and 60s. A 1988 survey estimated there were roughly 10,000 free-ranging aoudad and 800+ desert bighorns (Mungall and Sheffield 1994)." Competition Ovis canadensis mexicana MO Texas United States LV July 2018 Ammotragus lervia "Cassinello, J. (2015). Ammotragus lervia (aoudad). In CABI (Ed.), Invasive species compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. Retrieved from http://www.cabi.org/isc" Secondary referencing "Cassinello, J. (2018). Misconception and mismanagement of invasive species: The paradoxical case of an alien ungulate in Spain. Conservation Letters, e12440." "So far, and apart from the population located in La Palma Island, where its Macaronesian flora is not evolutionarily adapted to the presence of large herbivores such as the aoudad, there is no empirical evidence related to any negative impact on native fauna or flora (Cassinello, 2015)." Grazing/herbivory/browsing Vegetation MC La Palma Island Spain LV July 2018 Ammotragus lervia "Eguía, S., Martínez-Noguera, E., Botella, F., Pascual, R., Giménez-Casalduero, A., & Sánchez-Zapata, J. A. (2015). Evolución del área de distribución del arruí (Ammotragus lervia Pallas 1777) y la cabra montés (Capra pirenaica Schinz, 1838) en la Región de Murcia. V Congreso de la Naturaleza de la Región de Murcia, 2015. Asociación de Naturalistas del Sureste, Murcia, Spain." Secondary referencing "Cassinello, J. (2018). Misconception and mismanagement of invasive species: The paradoxical case of an alien ungulate in Spain. Conservation Letters, e12440." "Furthermore, Iberian ibex populations have recently been showing impressive recolonization in southeastern Spain, reaching areas previously occupied by aoudads. However, the presence of theNorth African ungulate does not seem to affect ibex range expansion. In fact, it is rather the opposite, as in some mountainous areas the native ungulate seems to be displacing the exotic one (Eguía et al., 2015)." Competition Capra pyrenaica MC Región de Murcia Spain LV July 2018 Ammotragus lervia "RODRIGUEZ-LUENGO, J. L., AND J. C. RODRI´GUEZ-PIN˜ ERO. 1990. Introduced big game: a threat to Canary endemic flora. In Transactions of the 19th IUGB congress, 530-535, Trondheim, Germany." Secondary referencing "Francisco?Ortega, J., Santos?Guerra, A., Kim, S. C., & Crawford, D. J. (2000). Plant genetic diversity in the Canary Islands: a conservation perspective. American Journal of Botany, 87(7), 909-919." "For example, large numbers of two species of mammals introduced into two major national parks in 1972 still remain there. The ‘‘Barbary Sheep’’ (Ammotragus lervia Pallas) is in the National Park of Caldera de Taburiente, and the ‘‘Corsica Mouflon’’ (Ovis ammon musimom Schreber) is present in the National Park of Can˜adas del Teide. These two species, which have a very negative impact on the native flora, exist primarily for the hunting pleasure of a small percentage of the islands’ population (Rodriguez-Luengo and Rod´rg? uez-Pin˜ero, 1990)." Grazing/herbivory/browsing Vegetation n.a. Canary Islands Spain LV July 2018 Axis axis "Maui County. ""Axis Deer Management in Maui County."" 2000" Secondary referencing "Rubino, Elena. Methods for population control: a case study on the axis deer of Maui Island, HI. University of Delaware, 2014." "On Molokai, just 27 years after their introduction, it was accepted that axis deer were doing grave damage to forests and grasslands (Maui County, 2000: 1). [...] Since then, both Maui and Lanai, another island that introduced axis deer into their ecosystem, have also worked to control their populations to deal with the deer-caused ecological harm in the form of forest degradation, watershed impairment, and agricultural damage" Grazing/herbivory/browsing Vegetation n.a. Maui county United States DJ August 2017 Axis axis "Anderson, S. B. 2003. Introduced axis deer (Axis axis) on Maui, Hawaii: History, current status, home range, grouping patterns, and a species account. Ph.D. dissert., Univ. of California, Davis, California." Summary (Phd Thesis) - "Art Medeiros has documented a ‘foraging hierarchy’ near Puu o’ Kali under extreme drought conditions, whereby axis will eat the most palatable item available until it is rare. They will then choose the next most palatable item and eat it. Eventually, in the peak of the drought of 1999, the axis were eating highly unpalatable bark off of trees. [...] Aside from direct foraging impacts by axis deer, there is a significant impact to trees from axis bucks rubbing and polishing their antlers on the bark. This can frequently result in the death of these trees. [...] As the numbers of axis deer grow, the ‘trailing’ behavior of axis creates dirt pathways through the thickest of vegetation. These trails can lead to significant erosion and, in wet forest areas, will increase runoff by decreasing the mossy layer available to retain water " Grazing/herbivory/browsing; Direct physical disturbance n.a. MN Hawaii United States DJ July 2017 Bison bison "Nemtsev, A.S., Specific Biological Features, Protection, and Ways of the Use of the Population of European Bisons from the Highlands of Northwestern Caucasus, Cand. Sci. (Biol.) Dissertation, Moscow, 1988." Secondary referencing "Rautian, G. S., B. A. Kalabushkin, and A. S. Nemtsev. ""A new subspecies of the European bison, Bison bonasus montanus ssp. nov.(Bovidae, Artiodactyla)."" Doklady biological sciences. Vol. 375. No. 1-6. Kluwer Academic Publishers-Plenum Publishers, 2000." "In 1960, the animals were introduced in the natural ecosystems of the Cau- casian State Nature Reserve, and this was the onset of the stage of a free-ranging Caucasian population. The development of this population resulted in the forma- tion of the modern Highland breeding line, which has substantially deviated from the animals originally introduced in nature in the course of adaptation to the environmental conditions of the forest belt of the north- western Caucasus [3]." Hybridisation Bison bonasus n.a. Caucasian Natural reserve Russian Federation DJ August 2017 Bos taurus "Skottsberg, C. 1953. Report of the standing coinmittee for the protection of nature in and around the Pacific for the years 1939-1948, Symposium on protection of nature terrestrial and marine, and conservation problems of the Pacific area.Pages 586-597 -i n Proceedings, 7 t h Pa c i f i c Science Congress, Auckland." Secondary referencing "Cuddihy, L. W. Effects of cattle grazing on the mountain parkland ecosystem, Mauna Loa, Hawaii.Technical report University of Haitii at Manoa (1984)." "Much of the vegetation of the island of Hawai'i has been affected by cattle grazing. After 30 years of grazing, much of the native dry forest near Pu'uwa'awa'a had been destroyed, and the area was opened up to exotic plants such as Opuntia megacantha cactus and koa haole (Leucaena leucocephala - Hatheway 1952).Endemic plants remaining in this dry forest, such as Kokia drynarioides and Hibiscadel hus hualalaiensis, were no longer reproducing (Skottsberg 1953)." Grazing/herbivory/browsing Kokia drynarioides; Hibiscadel hus hualalaiensis MN Island of Hawai'i (Hawaii Islands) United States LS; DJ January 2018 Bos taurus "McKelvey, P. J. (1963). The synecology of the West Taupo indigenous forest (p. 127). Government Printer, South Africa." Secondary referencing "King, C. M., Innes, J. G., Smale, M. C., & Nugent, G. (2015). Protecting the Forest from Introduced Herbivores. In The Drama of Conservation (pp. 245-273). Springer International Publishing." "Peter McKelvey compiled the first comprehensive and seminal ecological account of the west Taupo forests as they were documented by the National Forest Survey of 1946-1955. He reckoned that, at least in favoured patches, feral cattle were the most significant cause of forest modification at that time, although he told Graham Nugent that the understorey was then still so thick in places that it could take an hour to get through 100 m of it." n.a. n.a. MO Pureora Forest Park New Zealand LS; DJ January 2018 Bos taurus "Kastadalen, A. 1982. Changes in the biology of Santa Cruz Island between 1935 and 1965. Noticias de Galapagos 35:7- 12" Secondary referencing "Schofield E. K. Effects of Introduced Plants and Animals on Island Vegetation?: Examples from the Galapagos Archipelago. 3, 227–238 (1989)." Numbers of cattle on Santa Cruz increased between 1935 and 1965 and inhibited growth of Scalesiapedun- culata (Kastadalen 1982) Grazing/herbivory/browsing Scalesia pedunculata MN Galapagos Islands Ecuador LS; DJ January 2018 Bos taurus "Pinos, R. H. 1986. Ecological and population study and man- agement alternatives of feral cattle (Bos taurus) in southern Isabela, Galapagos. Charles Darwin Research Station Annual Report, 1983:44-45." Secondary referencing "Schofield E. K. Effects of Introduced Plants and Animals on Island Vegetation?: Examples from the Galapagos Archipelago. 3, 227–238 (1989)." "Near Cerro Azul, cattle fed mainly on endemic species, including Paspalum gal- apageium and Desmodium canum (Pinos 1986). " Grazing/herbivory/browsing Paspalum galapageium; Desmodium canum MN Galapagos Islands Ecuador Not mentionned clearly if the individual performance has been really affected. LS; DJ January 2018 Bos taurus "Bava J and Rechene DC (1998) Alternativas para el manejo de lenga (Nothofagus pumilio (Poepp. et Endl.) Krasser) en base a la din´amica de su regeneraci´on en la provincia de Tierra del Fuego, Argentina. In: I Congreso Latinoamericano IUFRO, Valdivia, Chile" Secondary referencing "Vázquez, D. P. (2002). Multiple effects of introduced mammalian herbivores in a temperate forest. Biological invasions, 4(1-2), 175-191." "Bava and Rechene (1998) note that N. pumilio saplings of approximately 30 years of age growing inside exclosures or among fallen trees typically reach 7–10m height, whereas saplings of the same age exposed to continuous guanaco or cattle browsing do not grow above 30 cm." Grazing/herbivory/browsing Nothofagus pumilio MN Patagonia Argentina LS; DJ January 2018 Bos taurus "Roig FA, Anchorena J, Dollenz O, Faggi AM and M´endez E (1985) Las comunidades vegetales de la transecta bot´anica de la Patagonia austral. In: Boelcke O, Moore DM and Roig FA (eds) Transecta Bot´anica de la Patagonia Austral, pp 350–519. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient´?ficas y T´ecnicas, Buenos Aires" Secondary referencing "Vázquez, D. P. (2002). Multiple effects of introduced mammalian herbivores in a temperate forest. Biological invasions, 4(1-2), 175-191." "Roig et al. (1985) noted that cattle do not forage inthe forest interior of deciduous forest dominated by lenga, Nothofagus pumilio, but that they do use forest gaps, where they browse on N. pumilio seedlings and saplings. Since regeneration of N. pumilio is gapdependent (see Rebertus and Veblen 1993), Roig et al. (1985) suggest that cattle can impede forest regeneration." Grazing/herbivory/browsing Nothofagus pumilio MN Patagonia Argentina LS; DJ January 2018 Bos taurus "Trehen, P., Frenot, Y., Lebouvier, M., & Vernon, P. (1990). Invertebrate fauna and their role in the degradation of cattle dung at Amsterdam Island. In Antarctic Ecosystems (pp. 337-346). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg." Secondary referencing "Micol, T., & Jouventin, P. (1995). Restoration of Amsterdam Island, South Indian Ocean, following control of feral cattle. Biological conservation, 73(3), 199-206." "By this time intensive grazing, trampling and burning were responsible for active erosion, inducing a mosaic of lava exposures and short swards with charcoal frequent in the upper layer of the soil. Much of the native vegetation had disappeared as a result of grazing and the lowland was invaded with introduced species Cirsium vulgate, Holcus lanatus and Leontodon taraxacoides, whereas the native ferns Elaphoglossum succaesifolium and Gleichenia polypodioides were confined to above 270 m asl. Cirsium vulgare expanded greatly after the last fire in 1974 (Trehen et al. 1990). " "Grazing/herbivory/browsing; Chemical, physical, or structural impact on ecosystems" Gleichenia polypodioides; Elaphoglossum succaesifolium MO Amsterdam Island French Southern Territories LV March 2019 Bos taurus "Expedition to Tristan da Cunha, 1937-38, No. 13, 1945. X. N. REPPE. L'aurore sur Vantarctii/ue, Paris, 1957.; Expedition to Tristan da Cunha, 1937-38, No. 13, 1945. 8 E. AUBERT DE LA RUE. Les terres australes, Paris, 1955.; ""Princess of Wales"" Cutter, with an Account of Two Years' Residence on an Uninhabited Island. Exeter, 1843. 49 E. AUBERT DE LA RUE. Les iles Saint Paul et Nouvelle Amsterdam. Geographia (Paris) 1954, p. 38-43." Secondary referencing "Holdgate, M. W., & Wace, N. M. (1961). The influence of man on the floras and faunas of southern islands. Polar Record, 10(68), 475-493." "In 1871 a farm was established in the north-east, only to be abandoned 8 months afterwards. Cattle introduced at this time have run wild and now increased to 1000—2000 head. They have eliminated the trees from much of the northern part and check regeneration by biting off young saplings. On the south and west, however, dense thickets remain in the least accessible places. Much of the open country between the woodlands seems (judging by photographs)49 to have been converted into a close-cropped grassland which has been terraced by trampling on the steeper slopes. The number of cattle is probably now regulated by winter starvation, and the higher mortality of cows and calves is said to be responsible for the remarkable sex ratio of four bulls per cow." Grazing/herbivory/browsing Trees MR Amsterdam Island French Southern Territories "Unclear where the link between the observed changes and the grazing by cattle is made. If it is made here and not in the inaccessible sources, this should be moved to direct observations of impact." LS; DJ January 2018 Bos taurus "Warner, R. E. (1960). A forest dies on Mauna Kea. Pacific Discovery, 13(2), 6-14." Title/Abstract - "This document tells of how feral livestock was brought to the islands by Captain Cook and Captain Vancouver at around 1800, how a tabu that was placed on the animals allowed the livestock population to multiply extremely fast, and how the overgrazing of feral cattle, sheep, goats, and horses lead to the destruction of the forests that consisted of Mamane (Sophora chrysophylla), Koa, and Naio (Myoporum sandwicense) trees along with the understory of shrubs and grasses. Also described, are the efforts that were made in an attempt to restore these forests through the establishment of a Mauna Kea Forest Reserve, fencing projects, and other government efforts that were designed to protect the forests from further abuse. " Grazing/herbivory/browsing Sophora chrysophylla; Acacia koa; Myoporum sandwicense MO Mauna Kea (Hawaii Islands) United States Livestock or feral? LV October 2019 Bos taurus "Banko et al., 2009. P.C. Banko, K.W. Brinck, C. Farmer, S.C. Hess Palila in T.K. Pratt, C.T. Atkinson, P.C. Banko, J.D. Jacobi, B.L. Woodworth (Eds.), Conservation Biology of Hawaiian Forest Birds: Implications for Island Avifauna, Yale University Press, New Haven (2009), pp. 513-529" Secondary referencing "Banko, P. C., Camp, R. J., Farmer, C., Brinck, K. W., Leonard, D. L., & Stephens, R. M. (2013). Response of palila and other subalpine Hawaiian forest bird species to prolonged drought and habitat degradation by feral ungulates. Biological Conservation, 157, 70-77." "Habitat degradation by introduced ungulates had broadly affected Hawaiian bird communities (Banko and Banko, 2009; Pratt and Jacobi, 2009; Scott et al., 1986) and has been the most important factor driving the palila's historical range contraction and population decline (Banko et al., 2009). Since the early 1800s, cattle (Bos taurus), goats (Capra hircus), and sheep (Ovis aries and, more recently, mouflon [O. gmelini musimon] and their hybrids) have roamed widely through the palila's range, killing or damaging trees and shrubs, removing seedlings, and exacerbating erosion (Hartt and Neal, 1940; Hess and Banko, 2011; Warner, 1960). " "Chemical, physical, or structural impact on ecosystems" Loxioides bailleui MO Hawaii Islands United States LV October 2019 Bos taurus "Banko and Banko, 2009. P.C. Banko, W.E. Banko. Evolution and ecology of food exploitation in T.K. Pratt, C.T. Atkinson, P.C. Banko, J.D. Jacobi, B.L. Woodworth (Eds.), Conservation Biology of Hawaiian Forest Birds: Implications for Island Avifauna, Yale University Press, New Haven (2009), pp. 159-193" Secondary referencing "Banko, P. C., Camp, R. J., Farmer, C., Brinck, K. W., Leonard, D. L., & Stephens, R. M. (2013). Response of palila and other subalpine Hawaiian forest bird species to prolonged drought and habitat degradation by feral ungulates. Biological Conservation, 157, 70-77." "Habitat degradation by introduced ungulates had broadly affected Hawaiian bird communities (Banko and Banko, 2009; Pratt and Jacobi, 2009; Scott et al., 1986) and has been the most important factor driving the palila's historical range contraction and population decline (Banko et al., 2009). Since the early 1800s, cattle (Bos taurus), goats (Capra hircus), and sheep (Ovis aries and, more recently, mouflon [O. gmelini musimon] and their hybrids) have roamed widely through the palila's range, killing or damaging trees and shrubs, removing seedlings, and exacerbating erosion (Hartt and Neal, 1940; Hess and Banko, 2011; Warner, 1960). " "Chemical, physical, or structural impact on ecosystems" Bird communities n.a. Hawaii Islands United States LV October 2019 Bos taurus "Pratt and Jacobi, 2009. L.W. Pratt, J.D. Jacobi Loss, degradation, and persistence of habitats in T.K. Pratt, C.T. Atkinson, P.C. Banko, J.D. Jacobi, B.L. Woodworth (Eds.), Conservation Biology of Hawaiian Forest Birds: Implications for Island Avifauna, Yale University Press, New Haven (2009), pp. 137-158" Secondary referencing "Banko, P. C., Camp, R. J., Farmer, C., Brinck, K. W., Leonard, D. L., & Stephens, R. M. (2013). Response of palila and other subalpine Hawaiian forest bird species to prolonged drought and habitat degradation by feral ungulates. Biological Conservation, 157, 70-77." "Habitat degradation by introduced ungulates had broadly affected Hawaiian bird communities (Banko and Banko, 2009; Pratt and Jacobi, 2009; Scott et al., 1986) and has been the most important factor driving the palila's historical range contraction and population decline (Banko et al., 2009). Since the early 1800s, cattle (Bos taurus), goats (Capra hircus), and sheep (Ovis aries and, more recently, mouflon [O. gmelini musimon] and their hybrids) have roamed widely through the palila's range, killing or damaging trees and shrubs, removing seedlings, and exacerbating erosion (Hartt and Neal, 1940; Hess and Banko, 2011; Warner, 1960). " "Chemical, physical, or structural impact on ecosystems" Bird communities n.a. Hawaii Islands United States LV October 2019 Bos taurus "Hess, S. C., & Banko, P. C. (2011). Sheep vs. palila on Mauna Kea: After 200 years of damage, can these native birds recover?. The Wildlife Professional, 5(3), 60-63." Secondary referencing "Banko, P. C., Camp, R. J., Farmer, C., Brinck, K. W., Leonard, D. L., & Stephens, R. M. (2013). Response of palila and other subalpine Hawaiian forest bird species to prolonged drought and habitat degradation by feral ungulates. Biological Conservation, 157, 70-77." "Habitat degradation by introduced ungulates had broadly affected Hawaiian bird communities (Banko and Banko, 2009; Pratt and Jacobi, 2009; Scott et al., 1986) and has been the most important factor driving the palila's historical range contraction and population decline (Banko et al., 2009). Since the early 1800s, cattle (Bos taurus), goats (Capra hircus), and sheep (Ovis aries and, more recently, mouflon [O. gmelini musimon] and their hybrids) have roamed widely through the palila's range, killing or damaging trees and shrubs, removing seedlings, and exacerbating erosion (Hartt and Neal, 1940; Hess and Banko, 2011; Warner, 1960). " Grazing/herbivory/browsing; Direct physical disturbance Trees and shrubs n.a. Hawaii Islands United States LV October 2019 Bos taurus "Warner, R. E. (1960). A forest dies on Mauna Kea. Pacific Discovery, 13(2), 6-14." Secondary referencing "Banko, P. C., Camp, R. J., Farmer, C., Brinck, K. W., Leonard, D. L., & Stephens, R. M. (2013). Response of palila and other subalpine Hawaiian forest bird species to prolonged drought and habitat degradation by feral ungulates. Biological Conservation, 157, 70-77." "Habitat degradation by introduced ungulates had broadly affected Hawaiian bird communities (Banko and Banko, 2009; Pratt and Jacobi, 2009; Scott et al., 1986) and has been the most important factor driving the palila's historical range contraction and population decline (Banko et al., 2009). Since the early 1800s, cattle (Bos taurus), goats (Capra hircus), and sheep (Ovis aries and, more recently, mouflon [O. gmelini musimon] and their hybrids) have roamed widely through the palila's range, killing or damaging trees and shrubs, removing seedlings, and exacerbating erosion (Hartt and Neal, 1940; Hess and Banko, 2011; Warner, 1960). " Grazing/herbivory/browsing; Direct physical disturbance Trees and shrubs n.a. Hawaii Islands United States LV October 2019 Bubalus bubalis "Skeat, A. J., T. J. East and L. K. Corbett (1996). Impact of feral water buffalo. In C. M. Finlayson and I. von Oertzen (eds), Landscape and Vegetation Ecology of the Kakadu Region, Northern Australia. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic, pp. 155–177." Secondary referencing "Werner, P. A. (2014). pp. 452-496 In: Prins H.H.T. & Gordon I. J. (editors) ""The rise and fall of the Asian water buffalo in the monsoonal tropics of northern Australia. Invasion Biology and Ecological Theory: Insights from a Continent in Transformation"", Cambridge university press." "Overall, the abundance of 11 small native vertebrates increased on the floodplain when buffalo were removed, including two marsupials (northern brown bandicoot Isoodon macrourus Gould, common planigale Planigale maculata Gould), two rodents (dusky rat, grassland melomys Melomys burtoni Ramsay), two species of snakes, spotted tree monitor Varanus scalaris Mertens and three species of frogs (Friend and Taylor 1984; Skeat et al. 1996), suggesting that high densities of buffalo had been a major factor in suppressing, but not eliminating, populations of small vertebrates. All researchers attributed the changes in the abundances of all vertebrates studied to the removal by buffalo of vegetation cover which had provided food, protection from predators, as well as nesting and aestivation sites (references in review by Skeat et al. 1996)." "Chemical, physical, or structural impact on ecosystems" Rattus colletti MO Kakadu National Park Australia LS January 2018 Bubalus bubalis "East, T.J. 1990. Erosion and sediment processes in the Kakadu Conservation Zone, South Alligator River catchment, Northern Territory. Resource Assessment Commission Kakadu Conservation Zone Inquiry, Consultancy Series, AGPS, Canberra. 97 pp." Secondary referencing "Finlayson, C. M., Storrs, M. J., & Lindner, G. (1997). Degradation and rehabilitation of wetlands in the Alligator Rivers Region of northern Australia. Wetlands Ecology and Management, 5(1), 19-36." "Buffalo have had major impacts on the biophysical environment of the ARR (East, 1990). Primary effects due to buffalo activity, i.e., grazing, trampling, and the formation of pads and wallows, include: a reduction in vegetation biomass, changes in native species composition and, locally, complete removal of vegetation; the promotion and spread of weed species; compaction of soils and soil erosion; changes to surface hydrology, including reduced retention of freshwater in floodplains and intrusion of saltwater into freshwater swamps; and increased turbidity in water bodies resulting from trampling, wallowing and grazing, as well as their contamination by buffalo faeces and urine. " "Chemical, physical, or structural impact on ecosystems" n.a. n.a. Alligator Rivers Region Australia LS January 2018 Bubalus bubalis "Lindner, G. (in press). Contemporary indigenous utilization and management of wetland resources in Kakadu National Park, monsoonal northern Australia. In: Proceedings of a Workshop on Wildlife Utilisation 15–17 March 1996,South Alligator NT. " Secondary referencing "Finlayson, C. M., Storrs, M. J., & Lindner, G. (1997). Degradation and rehabilitation of wetlands in the Alligator Rivers Region of northern Australia. Wetlands Ecology and Management, 5(1), 19-36." "Extension of tidal channels into freshwater flood basins and billabongs resulted in freshwater systems changing to saline conditions, and the deposition of tidal sediments. […] Heavy grazing and trampling combined with the transition to saline conditions in some areas resulted in the death of Melaleuca species and the removal of grasses (D. Lindner, in press). " "Grazing/herbivory/browsing; Chemical, physical, or structural impact on ecosystems; Direct physical disturbance" Melaleuca sp; Grasses MN Kakadu National Park Australia LS January 2018 Bubalus bubalis "East, T.J. 1990. Erosion and sediment processes in the Kakadu Conservation Zone, South Alligator River catchment, Northern Territory. Resource Assessment Commission Kakadu Conservation Zone Inquiry, Consultancy Series, AGPS, Canberra. 97 pp." Secondary referencing "Finlayson, C. M., Storrs, M. J., & Lindner, G. (1997). Degradation and rehabilitation of wetlands in the Alligator Rivers Region of northern Australia. Wetlands Ecology and Management, 5(1), 19-36." "Buffalo have had major impacts on the biophysical environment of the ARR (East, 1990). Primary effects due to buffalo activity, i.e., grazing, trampling, and the formation of pads and wallows, include: a reduction in vegetation biomass, changes in native species composition and, locally, complete removal of vegetation […] The destruction of vegetation, changed soil hydrological properties and the concentration of runoff by wallows and pads have resulted in greatly increased erosion rates (East, 1990; D. Lindner, in press)." "Chemical, physical, or structural impact on ecosystems" Vegetation MO Kakadu National Park Australia LS January 2018 Bubalus bubalis "Skeat, A.J. 1991. Control of feral water buffalo in Kakadu National Park. Working papers of the 8th Australian Vertebrate Pest Conference, South Australian Animal and Plant Control Commission, Adelaide, April 1991. Unpaginated" Secondary referencing "Finlayson, C. M., Storrs, M. J., & Lindner, G. (1997). Degradation and rehabilitation of wetlands in the Alligator Rivers Region of northern Australia. Wetlands Ecology and Management, 5(1), 19-36." "The effects of buffalo on animal species in the ARR have been little studied, although Skeat et al. (1996) report that dusky rat and other small vertebrates were suppressed, primarily through the removal of the vegetative cover that provided food and protection from predators. High densities of buffalo are required to adversely influence rat populations." Grazing/herbivory/browsing Rattus colletti MO Kakadu National Park Australia LS January 2018 Bubalus bubalis "Tomas, W. M.; TIierpolo, L. M. (2005) Levantamento e distribuição e tamanho da população de búfalos (Bubalusbubalis) asselvajados na REBIO do Guaporé (RO) e planícies de inundação adjacentes. In: I Simpósio brasileiro sobre espécies exóticas invasoras, 2005. " Secondary referencing "Moraes, J. P. D., Pereira R. G., da Silva M.G. & Nogueira A. E. (2016). Impactos ambientais causados pelos búfalos (Bubalusbubalis) mestiços de Carabão X Jafarabadi no Vale do Guaporé-Rondônia. Revista Científica da Faculdade de Educação e Meio Ambiente 2 (7): 126-135" "É de causa conhecida que a invasão dos búfalos no Vale do Guaporé vem alterando significativamente o ecossistema, e essas alterações tendem a crescer, pois a população bubalina existente não sofre nenhum tipo de controle, fazendo com que sua comunidade venha aumentando no decorrer dos anos, necessitando de áreas cada vez maiores, o que regularmente provoca a redução ou extinção de outras espécies tais como cervo-do-pantanal (Blastocerusdichotomus), onça-pintada (Pantheraonca) e ariranha (Pteronura brasiliensis) " "Chemical, physical, or structural impact on ecosystems" Blastocerus dichotomus; Panthera onca; Pteronura brasiliensis MO n.a. Brazil LS January 2018 Bubalus bubalis "Fogarty, P. 1982. A preliminary survey of environmental damage associated with the activity of feral buffalo. Technical report to the Feral Animals Committee, Conservation Commission of the Northern Territory" Secondary referencing "Finlayson, C. M., Storrs, M. J., & Lindner, G. (1997). Degradation and rehabilitation of wetlands in the Alligator Rivers Region of northern Australia. Wetlands Ecology and Management, 5(1), 19-36." "There are a number of scientific studies as well as a considerable body of historical records and anecdotal evidence that documents the effects of buffalo on the wetlands (e.g., Stocker, 1971; Letts et al1979; Fogarty, 1982; O’Neill and Matthews, 1982; Friend and Taylor, 1984; Graetz, 1989)." Grazing/herbivory/browsing n.a. n.a. Northern Territory Australia LS January 2018 Bubalus bubalis "Letts, G.A., Bassingthwaite, A. and de Ver, W.E.L. 1979. Feral animals in the Northern Territory: Report of the Board of Inquiry 1979. Government Printer, Darwin." Secondary referencing "Finlayson, C. M., Storrs, M. J., & Lindner, G. (1997). Degradation and rehabilitation of wetlands in the Alligator Rivers Region of northern Australia. Wetlands Ecology and Management, 5(1), 19-36." "There are a number of scientific studies as well as a considerable body of historical records and anecdotal evidence that documents the effects of buffalo on the wetlands (e.g., Stocker, 1971; Letts et al1979; Fogarty, 1982; O’Neill and Matthews, 1982; Friend and Taylor, 1984; Graetz, 1989)." Grazing/herbivory/browsing n.a. n.a. Northern Territory Australia LS January 2018 Bubalus bubalis "O’Neil, G.C. and Matthews, D.V. 1982. An investigation of recent geochronological changes on sections of the South Alligator River floodplain, Kakadu National Park. Unpublished report to Australian National Parks and Wildlife Service, Canberra. 34 pp" Secondary referencing "Finlayson, C. M., Storrs, M. J., & Lindner, G. (1997). Degradation and rehabilitation of wetlands in the Alligator Rivers Region of northern Australia. Wetlands Ecology and Management, 5(1), 19-36." "There are a number of scientific studies as well as a considerable body of historical records and anecdotal evidence that documents the effects of buffalo on the wetlands (e.g., Stocker, 1971; Letts et al1979; Fogarty, 1982; O’Neill and Matthews, 1982; Friend and Taylor, 1984; Graetz, 1989)." Grazing/herbivory/browsing n.a. n.a. Kakadu National Park (Northern Territory) Australia LS January 2018 Camelus dromedarius "Dörges B and Heucke J. (2003). Demonstration of ecologically sustainable management of camels on aboriginal and pastoral land, Final report on project number 200046, Natural Heritage Trust " Secondary referencing "Edwards GP, Zeng B, Saalfeld WK, Vaarzon-Morel P and McGregor M (Eds). 2008. Managing the impacts of feral camels in Australia: a new way of doing business. DKCRC Report 47. Desert Knowledge Cooperative Research Centre, Alice Springs. Available at http://www.desertknowledgecrc.com.au/publications/contractresearch.html" "They also inhibit recruitment of their preferred food species by suppressing flowering and fruit production and by browsing and killing juvenile plants (Dörges & Heucke 2003). It is considered that camels have the ability to cause the local extinction of highly preferred species like the quandong (Santalum acuminatum), plumbush (S. lanceolatum), curly pod wattle (Acacia sessiliceps), native apricot (Pittosporum augustifolium), bean tree (Erythrina vespertilio), and Lawrencia species (Dörges & Heucke 2003)." Grazing/herbivory/browsing Santalum acuminatum; Santalum lanceolatum; Acacia sessiliceps; Pittosporum augustifolium; Erythrina vespertilio; Lawrencia species MR n.a. Australia LS January 2018 Camelus dromedarius "Vintner A and Collins T. (2008). Lost in the desert for 135 years – and found alive, TSN News, Winter2008." Secondary referencing "Edwards GP, Zeng B, Saalfeld WK, Vaarzon-Morel P and McGregor M (Eds). 2008. Managing the impacts of feral camels in Australia: a new way of doing business. DKCRC Report 47. Desert Knowledge Cooperative Research Centre, Alice Springs. Available at http://www.desertknowledgecrc.com.au/publications/contractresearch.html" "In 2008, Peter Latz (Ecological consultant, Alice Springs, pers. comm.) noted that both quandong and native apricot had declined dramatically in the Petermann Ranges south-west of Alice Springs (see Figure 7.4) compared with the situation in the 1970s (see also Vintner & Collins 2008).Latz attributed this decline to a combination of inappropriate fire regime and camel browsing. Latz also noted severe damage to desert poplar (Codonocarpus cotinifolius) by camels (see also Vintner & Collins2008)." Grazing/herbivory/browsing Santalum acuminatum; Prunus armeniaca; Codonocarpus cotinifolius MO Alice Springs Australia LS January 2018 Capra hircus "Bruegmann, M. M. ""Hawaii’s dry forests."" Endangered Species Bulletin 11 (1996): 26-27." Secondary referencing "Cabin, Robert J., et al. ""Effects of long?term ungulate exclusion and recent alien species control on the preservation and restoration of a Hawaiian tropical dry forest."" Conservation Biology 14.2 (2000): 439-453." "In addition, continued grazing by cattle and feral goats often destroys native vegetation and increases vul- nerability to alien species invasions, and introduced ro- dents may consume most if not all of the native seeds and seedlings. These and other forces have apparently resulted in the virtual absence of native canopy-tree re- generation within the remaining dry-forest fragments in this and other areas of the Hawaiian Islands (Bruegmann 1996;" Grazing/herbivory/browsing Vegetation n.a. Hawaii United States DJ August 2017 Capra hircus "Moran, R. 1996. The flora of Guadalupe Island, Mexico. Memoirs of the California Academy of Sciences 19:1–190." Secondary referencing "Campbell, Karl, and C. Donlan. ""Feral goat eradications on islands."" Conservation Biology 19.5 (2005): 1362-1374." Goats are sometimes the exclusive cause of island extinctions (Moran 1996); Grazing/herbivory/browsing Vegetation MR Guadalupe Island Mexico DJ August 2017 Capra hircus "Dowling, H. G. ""Goats and hawks–a theory of predation on the land iguana."" Animal Kingdom 67 (1964): 51-56." Secondary referencing "Courchamp, Franck, Jean-Louis Chapuis, and Michel Pascal. ""Mammal invaders on islands: impact, control and control impact."" Biological Reviews 78.3 (2003): 347-383." "In the Galapagos Is- lands, goat browsing has destroyed the cover of land iguanas Conolophus pallidus and thereby increased their susceptibility to predation by Galapagos hawks, Buteo galapagoensis (Dowling, 1964" Indirect impact through interaction with other species Conolophus pallidus n.a. Galapagos Islands Ecuador DJ August 2017 Capra hircus "Weber, D. (1971) Pinta, Gala?pagos: Une ile a sauver. Biological Conservation, 4, 8–12." Secondary referencing "MacFarland, Craig G., José Villa, and Basilio Toro. ""The Galápagos giant tortoises (Geochelone elephantopus) part II: conservation methods."" Biological Conservation 6.3 (1974): 198-212." "Goats, and to some extent donkeys and cattle, devastate the vegetation in these areas (Weber, 1971), and the almost complete absence of food must affect smaller tortoises greatly." "Grazing/herbivory/browsing; Chemical, physical, or structural impact on ecosystems" Vegetation; Tortoise n.a. Galapagos Islands Ecuador DJ August 2017 Capra hircus "A?lvarez-Romero, J.G.; Medelli?n-Legorreta, R.A.; Oliveras de Ita, A.; Go?mez de Silva, H. and Sa?nchez, O. 2008. Animales exo?ticos en Me?xico: una amenaza para la biodiversidad. CONABIO, INE, UNAM, SEMARNAT. Me?xico, D.F., 518 pp." Secondary referencing "Aguirre-Muñoz, A., et al. ""Island restoration in Mexico: ecological outcomes after systematic eradications of invasive mammals."" Island Invasives: eradication and management. IUCN. Gland, Suiza. p (2011): 250-258." "Goats and sheep exert strong negative pressure on plant communities. They modify their species composition, which is often followed by soil erosion. They also compete with native herbivores (Parkes et al. 1996; A?lvarez- Romero et al. 2008). " "Chemical, physical, or structural impact on ecosystems; Competition" Vegetation; Native herbivores n.a. Not specified Mexico DJ August 2017 Capra hircus "Cheke, Anthony S. ""An ecological history of the Mascarene Islands, with particular reference to extinctions and introductions of land vertebrates."" (1987)." Secondary referencing "Clout, M. N., and C. R. Veitch. ""Turning the tide of biological invasion: the potential for eradicating invasive species."" Turning the tide: the eradication of invasive species. IUCN SSC Invasive Species Specialist Group, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK (2002): 1-3." Early reports indicate that a giant tortoise (Cylindraspsis sp.) was present. This native ‘large her- bivore’ was replaced by rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) and goats (Capra hircus) introduced in the early 19th cen- tury (Cheke 1987). Grazing/herbivory/browsing Cylindraspsis sp. MR Mascarene Islands Mauritius DJ August 2017 Capra hircus "Bellingham PJ, Wiser SK, Wright AE, Cameron EK, Forester LJ (2010) Disperser communities and legacies of goat grazing Long-term effects of feral goats (Capra hircus) on Mediterranean island communities 1549 123 determine forest succession on the remote Three Kings Islands, New Zealand. Biol Conserv 143(4):926–938" Secondary referencing "Gizicki, Z. S., Tamez, V., Galanopoulou, A. P., Avramidis, P., & Foufopoulos, J. (2018). Long-term effects of feral goats (Capra hircus) on Mediterranean island communities: results from whole island manipulations. Biological Invasions, 20(6), 1537-1552." "Bellingham et al. (2010) found that grazing promoted the growth of dense, unpalatable understories in New Zealand, restricting the succession of native forests." Grazing/herbivory/browsing Forest n.a. Three Kings Islands New Zealand LV July 2018 Capra hircus "Nogales M., Marrero M. and Herna´ ndez E.C. 1992. Efecto de las cabras cimarronas (Capra hircus) en la ?ora ende´ mica de los pinares de pajonales, Ojeda e Inagua (Gran Canaria). Botanica Macaronesica 19–20: 79–86." Secondary referencing "Gangoso, Laura, et al. ""Contradiction in conservation of island ecosystems: plants, introduced herbivores and avian scavengers in the Canary Islands."" Biodiversity and Conservation 15.7 (2006): 22312248." Food habit studies indicate that goats are directly responsible for the population decrease of endemic Canary plant species (Nogales et al. 1992; Rodr?´guez-Pin˜ ero and Rodr?´guez-Luengo 1993). Grazing/herbivory/browsing Endemic Canary plant species MO Canary Islands Spain LV June 2019 Capra hircus "TURBOTT, E. G., 1946. The Effect of Goats on the Vegetation of Great Island, Three Kings. Report filed by the Wild Life Branch, Department of Internal Affairs, Wellington." Secondary referencing "Turbott, Evan Graham. ""Effect of goats on Great Island, Three Kings, with descriptions of vegetation quadrats."" Records of the Auckland Institute and Museum 3.4/5 (1948): 253272." "A brief description of the effect of goats upon the vegetation, and of the vegetation quadrats, is contained in a report which I submitted to the Department of Internal Affairs on my return from the present Expedition (Turbott, 1946). " Grazing/herbivory/browsing Vegetation n.a. Great Island New Zealand LV June 2019 Capra hircus "Darwin, C. (1860). The voyage of the Beagle. 1962 Natural History library edition." Secondary referencing "Coblentz, B. E., & Vuren, D. V. (1987). Effects of feral goats (Capra hircus) on Aldabra Atoll. Atoll Research Bulletin." "The earliest documented introduction of goats to an oceanic island was probably that onto St. Helena where the ini ti a1 introduction occurred either in 1502 (Darwin 1860) or 1513 (Wallace 1911). The extensive damage to native vegetation resulted in an order, issued in 1731, that all stray animals should be destroyed (Darwin 1860). Nevertheless, by 1810 the island was reduced from a heavily forested condition to an oceanic rock (Darwin 1860, Wodzicki 1950). An important point concerning the destruction of the endemi c forests of St. Helena was that it took a little over 200 years for the destruction to be completed (Darwin 1860). When the last of the mature trees fell, the seed sources were gone forever. " Grazing/herbivory/browsing Vegetation MV Saint Helena United Kingdom LV August 2019 Capra hircus "Greenway, J.C. Jr. 1958. Extinct and vanishing birds of the world. Spec. Publs. Am. Comm. Int. Wi ldl . Prot. No. 13. 518 pp. " Secondary referencing "Coblentz, B. E., & Vuren, D. V. (1987). Effects of feral goats (Capra hircus) on Aldabra Atoll. Atoll Research Bulletin." "Published descriptions of the effects of feral goats in insular ecosystems have been nearly uni versa1 ly negative, often dramati cal ly so (reviewed by Coblentz 1978), includi ng destruction of native vegetation, extinction of preferred forage species, prevention of seedling regeneration, accelerated soil erosion, and numerous indirect effects upon endemic fauna, up to and including extinction (for example, Greenway 1958). " "Chemical, physical, or structural impact on ecosystems" Birds MR n.a. n.a. LV August 2019 Capra hircus "Herrero, S. (1990). Feral goats and giant tortoises on the Galapagos Islands. Conservation Biology, 4, 6-7." Secondary referencing "Henderson, S., & Dawson, T. P. (2009). Alien invasions from space observations: detecting feral goat impacts on Isla Isabela, Galapagos Islands with the AVHRR. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 30(2), 423-433." "The removal of vegetation precipitates soil erosion, deprives native fauna of habitat, food and water, inevitably leading to population declines (Herrero 1990) and directly impacts native and endemic vegetation. " "Chemical, physical, or structural impact on ecosystems" Vegetation MO Galapagos Islands Ecuador LV September 2019 Capra hircus "Alves, R. J. V. and Martins, L.S.G. 2004. Restabelecimento de Espécies Endêmicas da Ilha da Trindade. Albertoa 3: 45-52." Secondary referencing "Alves, R. J., Silva, N. G. D., Aguirre-Muñoz, A., Veitch, C., Clout, M., & Towns, D. (2011). Return of endemic plant populations on Trindade Island, Brazil, with comments on the fauna. In Island invasives: eradication and management. Proceedings of the International Conference on Island Invasives. Gland, IUCN, Auckland (pp. 259-263)." "Areas kept barren by feral goats up to the 1990s are currently being colonised by herbaceous vegetation (Fig. 2). The chief pioneer species in this process are the endemic sedges Cyperus atlanticus and Bulbostylis nesiotis, followed by the fern Pityrogramma calomelanos (Alves and Martins 2004; Martins and Alves 2007)." Grazing/herbivory/browsing Cyperus atlanticus; Bulbostylis nesiotis; Pityrogramma calomelanos MO Trindade Island Brazil LV September 2019 Capra hircus "Martins, L.S.G. and Alves, R. J. V. 2007. Regeneração Natural do Morro Vermelho, Ilha da Trindade. Revista Brasileira de Biociências 5: 429- 431." Secondary referencing "Alves, R. J., Silva, N. G. D., Aguirre-Muñoz, A., Veitch, C., Clout, M., & Towns, D. (2011). Return of endemic plant populations on Trindade Island, Brazil, with comments on the fauna. In Island invasives: eradication and management. Proceedings of the International Conference on Island Invasives. Gland, IUCN, Auckland (pp. 259-263)." "Areas kept barren by feral goats up to the 1990s are currently being colonised by herbaceous vegetation (Fig. 2). The chief pioneer species in this process are the endemic sedges Cyperus atlanticus and Bulbostylis nesiotis, followed by the fern Pityrogramma calomelanos (Alves and Martins 2004; Martins and Alves 2007)." Grazing/herbivory/browsing Cyperus atlanticus; Bulbostylis nesiotis; Pityrogramma calomelanos MO Trindade Island Brazil LV September 2019 Capra hircus "Moran R.V. 1996. The flora of Guadalupe Island, Mexico. Memoirs of the California Academy of Science 19: 190." Secondary referencing "de la Luz, J. L. L., Rebman, J. P., & Oberbauer, T. (2003). On the urgency of conservation on Guadalupe Island, Mexico: is it a lost paradise?. Biodiversity & Conservation, 12(5), 1073-1082." "The California juniper, Juniperus californica, currently seems to be extinct on the island. Early records indicate that it grew in relatively extensive groves in the central portion of the island, but a mass die-off occurred in the early part of the last century (Moran 1996). [...] When the majority of the cypress and juniper communities collapsed, this also reduced the supply of water in this region. The endemic, monotypic genus Hesperalea palmeri (Oleaceae) was found in this area of the island. It was reported to have a tree habit up to 8 m in height; however, it is now extinct (Moran 1996)." "Grazing/herbivory/browsing; Chemical, physical, or structural impact on ecosystems" Juniperus californica; Hesperalea palmeri MR Guadalupe Island Mexico It is not clear in these quotations whether this impact is really assigned to the goat. LV September 2019 Capra hircus "Banko et al., 2009. P.C. Banko, K.W. Brinck, C. Farmer, S.C. Hess Palila in T.K. Pratt, C.T. Atkinson, P.C. Banko, J.D. Jacobi, B.L. Woodworth (Eds.), Conservation Biology of Hawaiian Forest Birds: Implications for Island Avifauna, Yale University Press, New Haven (2009), pp. 513-529" Secondary referencing "Banko, P. C., Camp, R. J., Farmer, C., Brinck, K. W., Leonard, D. L., & Stephens, R. M. (2013). Response of palila and other subalpine Hawaiian forest bird species to prolonged drought and habitat degradation by feral ungulates. Biological Conservation, 157, 70-77." "Habitat degradation by introduced ungulates had broadly affected Hawaiian bird communities (Banko and Banko, 2009; Pratt and Jacobi, 2009; Scott et al., 1986) and has been the most important factor driving the palila's historical range contraction and population decline (Banko et al., 2009). Since the early 1800s, cattle (Bos taurus), goats (Capra hircus), and sheep (Ovis aries and, more recently, mouflon [O. gmelini musimon] and their hybrids) have roamed widely through the palila's range, killing or damaging trees and shrubs, removing seedlings, and exacerbating erosion (Hartt and Neal, 1940; Hess and Banko, 2011; Warner, 1960). " "Chemical, physical, or structural impact on ecosystems" Loxioides bailleui MO Hawaii Islands United States LV October 2019 Capra hircus "Banko and Banko, 2009. P.C. Banko, W.E. Banko. Evolution and ecology of food exploitation in T.K. Pratt, C.T. Atkinson, P.C. Banko, J.D. Jacobi, B.L. Woodworth (Eds.), Conservation Biology of Hawaiian Forest Birds: Implications for Island Avifauna, Yale University Press, New Haven (2009), pp. 159-193" Secondary referencing "Banko, P. C., Camp, R. J., Farmer, C., Brinck, K. W., Leonard, D. L., & Stephens, R. M. (2013). Response of palila and other subalpine Hawaiian forest bird species to prolonged drought and habitat degradation by feral ungulates. Biological Conservation, 157, 70-77." "Habitat degradation by introduced ungulates had broadly affected Hawaiian bird communities (Banko and Banko, 2009; Pratt and Jacobi, 2009; Scott et al., 1986) and has been the most important factor driving the palila's historical range contraction and population decline (Banko et al., 2009). Since the early 1800s, cattle (Bos taurus), goats (Capra hircus), and sheep (Ovis aries and, more recently, mouflon [O. gmelini musimon] and their hybrids) have roamed widely through the palila's range, killing or damaging trees and shrubs, removing seedlings, and exacerbating erosion (Hartt and Neal, 1940; Hess and Banko, 2011; Warner, 1960). " "Chemical, physical, or structural impact on ecosystems" Bird communities n.a. Hawaii Islands United States LV October 2019 Capra hircus "Pratt and Jacobi, 2009. L.W. Pratt, J.D. Jacobi Loss, degradation, and persistence of habitats in T.K. Pratt, C.T. Atkinson, P.C. Banko, J.D. Jacobi, B.L. Woodworth (Eds.), Conservation Biology of Hawaiian Forest Birds: Implications for Island Avifauna, Yale University Press, New Haven (2009), pp. 137-158" Secondary referencing "Banko, P. C., Camp, R. J., Farmer, C., Brinck, K. W., Leonard, D. L., & Stephens, R. M. (2013). Response of palila and other subalpine Hawaiian forest bird species to prolonged drought and habitat degradation by feral ungulates. Biological Conservation, 157, 70-77." "Habitat degradation by introduced ungulates had broadly affected Hawaiian bird communities (Banko and Banko, 2009; Pratt and Jacobi, 2009; Scott et al., 1986) and has been the most important factor driving the palila's historical range contraction and population decline (Banko et al., 2009). Since the early 1800s, cattle (Bos taurus), goats (Capra hircus), and sheep (Ovis aries and, more recently, mouflon [O. gmelini musimon] and their hybrids) have roamed widely through the palila's range, killing or damaging trees and shrubs, removing seedlings, and exacerbating erosion (Hartt and Neal, 1940; Hess and Banko, 2011; Warner, 1960). " "Chemical, physical, or structural impact on ecosystems" Bird communities n.a. Hawaii Islands United States LV October 2019 Capra hircus "Hess, S. C., & Banko, P. C. (2011). Sheep vs. palila on Mauna Kea: After 200 years of damage, can these native birds recover?. The Wildlife Professional, 5(3), 60-63." Secondary referencing "Banko, P. C., Camp, R. J., Farmer, C., Brinck, K. W., Leonard, D. L., & Stephens, R. M. (2013). Response of palila and other subalpine Hawaiian forest bird species to prolonged drought and habitat degradation by feral ungulates. Biological Conservation, 157, 70-77." "Habitat degradation by introduced ungulates had broadly affected Hawaiian bird communities (Banko and Banko, 2009; Pratt and Jacobi, 2009; Scott et al., 1986) and has been the most important factor driving the palila's historical range contraction and population decline (Banko et al., 2009). Since the early 1800s, cattle (Bos taurus), goats (Capra hircus), and sheep (Ovis aries and, more recently, mouflon [O. gmelini musimon] and their hybrids) have roamed widely through the palila's range, killing or damaging trees and shrubs, removing seedlings, and exacerbating erosion (Hartt and Neal, 1940; Hess and Banko, 2011; Warner, 1960). " Grazing/herbivory/browsing; Direct physical disturbance Trees and shrubs n.a. Hawaii Islands United States LV October 2019 Capra hircus "Warner, R. E. (1960). A forest dies on Mauna Kea. Pacific Discovery, 13(2), 6-14." Secondary referencing "Banko, P. C., Camp, R. J., Farmer, C., Brinck, K. W., Leonard, D. L., & Stephens, R. M. (2013). Response of palila and other subalpine Hawaiian forest bird species to prolonged drought and habitat degradation by feral ungulates. Biological Conservation, 157, 70-77." "Habitat degradation by introduced ungulates had broadly affected Hawaiian bird communities (Banko and Banko, 2009; Pratt and Jacobi, 2009; Scott et al., 1986) and has been the most important factor driving the palila's historical range contraction and population decline (Banko et al., 2009). Since the early 1800s, cattle (Bos taurus), goats (Capra hircus), and sheep (Ovis aries and, more recently, mouflon [O. gmelini musimon] and their hybrids) have roamed widely through the palila's range, killing or damaging trees and shrubs, removing seedlings, and exacerbating erosion (Hartt and Neal, 1940; Hess and Banko, 2011; Warner, 1960). " Grazing/herbivory/browsing; Direct physical disturbance Trees and shrubs n.a. Hawaii Islands United States LV October 2019 Carpa hircus "Warner, R. E. (1960). A forest dies on Mauna Kea. Pacific Discovery, 13(2), 6-14." Title/Abstract - "This document tells of how feral livestock was brought to the islands by Captain Cook and Captain Vancouver at around 1800, how a tabu that was placed on the animals allowed the livestock population to multiply extremely fast, and how the overgrazing of feral cattle, sheep, goats, and horses lead to the destruction of the forests that consisted of Mamane (Sophora chrysophylla), Koa, and Naio (Myoporum sandwicense) trees along with the understory of shrubs and grasses. Also described, are the efforts that were made in an attempt to restore these forests through the establishment of a Mauna Kea Forest Reserve, fencing projects, and other government efforts that were designed to protect the forests from further abuse. " Grazing/herbivory/browsing Sophora chrysophylla; Acacia koa; Myoporum sandwicense MO Mauna Kea (Hawaii Islands) United States Livestock or feral? LV October 2019 Cervus canadensis "Whitehead GK (1993) ‘The Whitehead encyclopedia of deer.’ (Swan Hill Press, England)" Secondary referencing "Hurtado, A. M., J. M. Smith-Flueck, and P. Black-Decima. ""Description of vocalizations in exotic European red deer stags (Cervus elaphus) during the rut in Northwestern Patagonia (Argentina)."" Anim Prod Sci 51.4 (2011)." "The importation of American wapiti to Europe is well documented, with individuals brought to Austria, Poland and Hungary over 250 years ago to improve trophies for sport hunting. For one example, several hundred wapiti were said to have been introduced to Austria by the Emperor Franz Josef (1830- 1916) where they hybridized with the native red deer (Whitehead 1993)." Hybridisation Cervus elaphus MN n.a. Austria DJ February 2018 Cervus canadensis "Bassi, R. (1875). Sulla cachessia ittero-verminosa, o marciaia, causta dei Cervi, causata dal Distomum magnum. Il Medico Veterinario 4: 497–515." Secondary referencing "Králová-Hromadová, Ivica, et al. ""Multiple origins of European populations of the giant liver fluke Fascioloides magna (Trematoda: Fasciolidae), a liver parasite of ruminants."" International journal for parasitology 41.3-4 (2011): 373-383." "The first introduction of F. magna to Europe (Italy) was well doc- umented (Bassi, 1875). Savoy King Vittorio Emanuele II purchased 60 wapiti from Wyoming, USA of which 47 reached La Mandria Re- gional park and hunting preserve in 1865 (Apostolo, 1996). An undesirable side effect of this import was introduction of F. magna. During the next 10 years, the parasite population increased and was associated with an outbreak of mortality in 1875–76; this sit- uation was repeated in 1977–79, when the number of deer within the enclosed park exceeded 300 (Balbo et al., 1989)." Transmission of disease Cervus elaphus MO Turin Italy "From the citations, it seems that the alien was the introduction agent. It is not clear, first whether there was a wild population of wapiti, and second whether it is this potential wild population that directly transmitted it to the Red deer population in northern Italy. It is likely that this impact on the Red deer population should be classified as an impact of the alien parasite Fascioloides magna instead of an impact of the wapiti." LV July 2019 Cervus canadensis "Burrows, L., Coomes, D., Newell, C., & Allan, C. (1999). Forest vegetation changes in the Murchison Mountains, Fiordland National Park, with special emphasis on takahe management. Landcare Research Contract Report LC9899/112 (unpublished)." Secondary referencing "Nugent, G., Fraser, K. W., Asher, G. W., & Tustin, K. G. (2001). Advances in New Zealand mammalogy 1990–2000: deer. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 31(1), 263-298." "Damage caused by wapiti closely parallels that of red deer. Since wapiti populations areregulated at low levels by hunting, especially in the eastern parts of their range (Nugent &Sweetapple 1989), only the most highly preferred plants species are at risk, rather than themain structural dominants of forest and grassland (Lee et al. 1994; Burrows et al. 1999)." Grazing/herbivory/browsing Vegetation n.a. Fiordland National Park (South Island) New Zealand LV July 2019 Cervus canadensis "Lee, W. G.; Wilson, J. B.; Ranee, B. D. 1994: Reassessment (1989-1994) of permanent transects tomonitor vegetation change and use by deer of Chionochloa pallens grassland in the Murchison andStuart mountains. Landcare Research Contract Report LC9495/44 (unpubl.). 22 p." Secondary referencing "Nugent, G., Fraser, K. W., Asher, G. W., & Tustin, K. G. (2001). Advances in New Zealand mammalogy 1990–2000: deer. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 31(1), 263-298." "Damage caused by wapiti closely parallels that of red deer. Since wapiti populations areregulated at low levels by hunting, especially in the eastern parts of their range (Nugent &Sweetapple 1989), only the most highly preferred plants species are at risk, rather than themain structural dominants of forest and grassland (Lee et al. 1994; Burrows et al. 1999)." Grazing/herbivory/browsing Vegetation n.a. Fiordland National Park (South Island) New Zealand LV July 2019 Cervus canadensis "Nugent G, 2005. Wapiti. In: The handbook of New Zealand mammals [ed. by King, C. M.]. Melbourne, Australia: Oxford University Press, 420-428." Secondary referencing "Cabi webpage of wapiti (https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/119059), accessed on the 26.09.2019" "These changes may or may not be reversible if C. canadensis numbers are controlled (Coomes et al., 2003) as the state of the system is changed. The consequences may be obvious and immediate (Nugent, 2005) or subtle and long-term, as the composition of regenerating plants in the understorey changes and the mortality and replacement of the original canopy trees is influenced (Nugent et al., 2001; Forsyth et al., 2015)." Grazing/herbivory/browsing Vegetation n.a. n.a. New Zealand LV September 2019 Cervus canadensis "Gallina, S., & Escobedo-Morales, L. A. (2009). Analysis of environmental management units (UMA) of red deer (Cervus elaphus Linnaeus, 1758) and wapiti (Cervus canadensis Erxleben, 1777) in Mexico: challenges for native ungulate conservation. Tropical Conservation Science, 2(2 (Special Issue)), 251-265." Title/Abstract - - n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. Mexico LV September 2019 Cervus elaphus "Ramirez, C., Godoy, R., Eldridge, W. & Pacheco, N. (1981). Impacto ecol6gico del ciervo rojo sobre el bosque de olivillo en Osorno, Chile. Anales del Museo de Historia Natural de Valparaiso, 14, 195-210." Secondary referencing "Veblen, Thomas T., et al. ""Effects of exotic deer on forest regeneration and composition in northern Patagonia."" Journal of Applied Ecology (1989): 711724." The drastic reduction in the abundance of A. chilensis on Isla Victoria is consistent with the near elimination of this species over a 4-year period at a site with a dense red deer population in a Chilean rain forest (Ramirez et al. 1981). Grazing/herbivory/browsing Aristotelia chilensis MO Chilean rainforest Chile DJ July 2017 Cervus elaphus """FLUECK,W.T., 1996: Zwischenartliche Beziehungen zwischen freilebenden Guanaco (Lama guanicoe) und angesiedeltem Rotwild (Ce~us clap.hus) in Argentinien. Z. Jagdwiss. 42, 12-17.""" Secondary referencing "Flueck, W. T., Jo Anne M. Smith-Flueck, and C. M. Naumann. ""The current distribution of red deer (Cervus elaphus) in southern Latin America."" Zeitschrift für Jagdwissenschaft 49.2 (2003): 112-119." "Competition between red deer and native ungulates has been sug- gested, such as in the case of guanaco (Lama guanicoe) (FLUECK, 1996)." Competition Lama guanico n.a. Not specified Argentina DJ August 2017 Cervus elaphus "CRESWELL,M., 1972: European red deer in Argentina. Deer 2, 937-938." Secondary referencing "Flueck, W. T., Jo Anne M. Smith-Flueck, and C. M. Naumann. ""The current distribution of red deer (Cervus elaphus) in southern Latin America."" Zeitschrift für Jagdwissenschaft 49.2 (2003): 112-119." "The native Patagonian huemul deer (Hippocamelus bisulcus), has also been assumed to be displaced by red deer (CRESWELL,1972; LEVER,1985)" Competition Hippocamelus bisulcus MO Not specified Argentina DJ August 2017 Cervus elaphus "Holloway, John Thorpe, et al. Report on the Condition of the Forests, Subalpine-scrub Land and Alpine Grassland of the Tararua Range. New Zealand Forest Service, 1963." Secondary referencing "Nugent, Graham, Wayne Fraser, and Peter Sweetapple. ""Top down or bottom up? Comparing the impacts of introduced arboreal possums and ‘terrestrial’ruminants on native forests in New Zealand."" Biological Conservation 99.1 (2001): 65-79." "However, deer-induced regenera- tion failure resulting in localized non-replacement of the canopy can occur, such as the conversion to tussock land of the subalpine scrub belt in the Tararua Range (Holloway et al., 1963)." Grazing/herbivory/browsing Vegetation n.a. Tararua range New Zealand DJ August 2017 Cervus elaphus "Gallopin GC, Mart ??n CE, Mermoz MA (2005) Impacto de la ganader ??a en la cuenca del r ??o Manso Superior. Parte I: Bosque de N ? ire con Laura. Anales de Parques Nacionales, Administracio ?n de Parques Nacionales. Tomo XVII:9–36" Secondary referencing "Relva, María Andrea, Christian López Westerholm, and Thomas Kitzberger. ""Effects of introduced ungulates on forest understory communities in northern Patagonia are modified by timing and severity of stand mortality."" Plant Ecology 201.1 (2009): 11-22." "In areas with the oldest mortality (Redonda and Larga) and in micro- sites from which logs had been removed, deer use increased, and shrub composition changed toward less palatable species or browse-resistant ones such as Berberis spp. Both B. buxifolia and B. darwinii, which are common in Austrocedrus forests, are dominant in intensely grazed areas (Gallopin et al. 2005). " Grazing/herbivory/browsing Vegetation n.a. Patagonia Argentina DJ August 2017 Cervus elaphus "Flueck WT (2003) Consideraciones acerca de la calidad nutritiva de hábitat, hábitat óptimo, y evaluación de hábitat para huemul. In: Acosta G (ed) 4ta reunión Chileno-Argentina sobre estrategias de conservación del huemul. CONAF and CODEFF, Chile, pp 30–34" Secondary referencing "Flueck, W. T., & Smith-Flueck, J. M. (2006). Predicaments of endangered huemul deer, Hippocamelus bisulcus, in Argentina: a review. European Journal of Wildlife Research, 52(2), 69-80." "[…] (b) new factors, like invading red deer (Cervus elaphus), are now acting on remaining huemul (e.g. Flueck et al. 2003; Smith-Flueck 2003); […]" Competition Hippocamelus bisulcus n.a. n.a. Argentina LV July 2018 Cervus nippon "Price, B., 1997. A survey of Saltmarsh communities within Poole Harbour, Dorset for breeding waders and gulls. RSPB, Sandy, UK." Secondary referencing "Hannaford, J., Pinn, E. H., & Diaz, A. (2006). The impact of sika deer grazing on the vegetation and infauna of Arne saltmarsh. Marine pollution bulletin, 53(1), 5662." "In the earlier parts of the 20th century, the harbour held relatively large populations of redshank, but recent surveys suggest just 14 pairs now breed at Arne (Price, 1997). " "Chemical, physical, or structural impact on ecosystems" Trigna totanus MO "Arne RSPB reserve, western edge of Poole Harbour, England" United Kingdom "Causality is established by Hannaford, Pinn & Diaz (2006) - Quotation: This may in part be due to the decline in saltmarsh habitat within the harbour (Raybould, 1997), but may also be due to changes in the remaining saltmarsh habitat due to deer grazing. (speculation)" LV January 2018 Cervus nippon "Kelly, D. L. (1975). Native woodland in Western Ireland with especial reference to the region of Killarney, Ph.D thesis, University of Dublin." Secondary referencing "Cross, J. R. (1981). The establishment of Rhododendron ponticum in the Killarney oakwoods, SW Ireland. The Journal of Ecology, 807-824." "Kelly (1975) has shown that grazing pressure has significantly increased since Turner & Watt (1939) described Derrycunihy Wood (Fig. 1) in 1936. There has been a decrease in cover and height of palatable species such as Calluna vulgaris, Luzula sylvatica and Vaccinium myrtillus, whilst unpalatable and grazing-tolerant species such as Agrostis tenuis and Pteridium aquilinum have maintained or increased their cover." Grazing/herbivory/browsing Calluna vulgaris; Luzula sylvatica; Vaccinium myrtillus MO "Killarney National Park, Ireland" United Kingdom LV January 2018 Cervus nippon "Fraser, K.W., Cone, J.M. and Whitford, E.J. (1996) The Established Distribution and New Populations of Large Introduced Mammals in New Zealand. Landcare Research Contract Report LC9697/22, Manaaki Whenua, Lincoln, New Zealand." Secondary referencing "Coomes, D. A., Allen, R. B., Forsyth, D. M., & Lee, W. G. (2003). Factors preventing the recovery of New Zealand forests following control of invasive deer. Conservation Biology, 17(2), 450-459." "For example, southern beeches (Nothofagus spp.) are seldom eaten by red deer species but can become an important component of the diet of sika deer (Cervus nippon), which persist on lower-quality forage (Fraser 1996)." Grazing/herbivory/browsing Nothofagus spp. MN n.a. New Zealand LV October 2017 Cervus nippon "Drózdz, J., Demiaszkiewicz, A. W., & Lachowicz, J. (1998). Ashworthius sidemi [Nematoda, Trichostrongylidae] a new parasite of the European bison Bison bonasus [L.] and the question of independence of A. gagarini. Acta Parasitologica, 2(43)." Secondary referencing "Demiaszkiewicz, A. W., Lachowicz, J., & Osinska, B. (2009). Ashworthius sidemi (Nematoda, Trichostrongylidae) in wild ruminants in Bialowieza Forest. Polish journal of veterinary sciences, 12(3), 385." "Considering the fact that bison were fre? of this parasite before their spread into the Bieszczady Mountains (Dró?d? 196I), and also that the sika deer introduced in Poland to hunting grounds far away from the Bieszczady Mountains has lost its original parasites (Dró?d? 1963), we suggest that the source of this nematode species were local red d?er which brought the parasite from neighbouring Ukraine and Slovakia (Dró?d? et al. 1998)." Transmission of disease Bison bonasus n.a. Bieszczady Mountains Poland "Indirect impact of Sika deer (original transmission of A. Sidemi to native red deer, which brought the parasite to Ukraine and Slovakia)." LV January 2018 Cervus nippon "Rose, H. 1995: The pure red deer, a vanished breed. The Field June 1995, 69." Secondary referencing "Warren, C. R. (2007). Perspectives on thealien'versusnative'species debate: a critique of concepts, language and practice. Progress in Human Geography, 31(4), 427-446." "Introduced sika deer are progressively hybridizing with native red deer so that the ‘monarch of the glen’ is set to become the mongrel of the glen (H. Rose, 1995; Warren, 2002)." Hybridisation Cervus elaphus n.a. Scotland United Kingdom LV October 2017 Cervus nippon "Warren, C.R. 2002: Managing Scotland’s environment. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press." Secondary referencing "Warren, C. R. (2007). Perspectives on thealien'versusnative'species debate: a critique of concepts, language and practice. Progress in Human Geography, 31(4), 427-446." "Introduced sika deer are progressively hybridizing with native red deer so that the ‘monarch of the glen’ is set to become the mongrel of the glen (H. Rose, 1995; Warren, 2002)." Hybridisation Cervus elaphus n.a. Scotland United Kingdom LV October 2017 Cervus nippon "Zima, J. (1990). Non-metrical cranial divergence between Cervus elaphus, C. nippon nippon and C. n. hortulorum." Secondary referencing "Carden, R. F., Carlin, C. M., Marnell, F., Mcelholm, D., Hetherington, J., & Gammell, M. P. (2011). Distribution and range expansion of deer in Ireland. Mammal Review, 41(4), 313-325." "Hybridization between red deer and sika has been documented in both Britain and Ireland (Harrington 1973, Lowe & Gardiner 1975, Harrington 1982, Ratcliffe et al. 1992, Goodman et al. 1999, Díaz et al. 2006, Pemberton et al. 2006, McDevitt et al. 2009, Pérez-Espona et al. 2009) and in the Czech Republic (Bartoš et al. 1981, Bartoš & Žirovnický 1981, Zima et al. 1990, Bartoš 2009), and there is concern about the potential for hybridization elsewhere (e.g. Germany: Wotchikowsky 2010)." Hybridisation Cervus elaphus n.a. n.a. Czech Republic LV October 2017 Cervus nippon "Hayden T, Harrington R (2000) Exploring Irish Mammals. Town House & Country House Ltd., Dublin, Ireland." Secondary referencing "Carden, R. F., Carlin, C. M., Marnell, F., Mcelholm, D., Hetherington, J., & Gammell, M. P. (2011). Distribution and range expansion of deer in Ireland. Mammal Review, 41(4), 313-325." "Hybridization of red deer and sika first occurred in eastern Ireland soon after sika were introduced to the country, and as a result of escapees to the wild and subsequent interbreeding, a substantial proportion of wild red- and sika-like deer in the east and north of the country are now thought to be hybrid animals (Harrington 1973, 1982, Hayden & Harrington 2000)." Hybridisation Cervus elaphus n.a. Ireland United Kingdom LV October 2017 Cervus nippon "Hayden T, Harrington R (2000) Exploring Irish Mammals. Town House & Country House Ltd., Dublin, Ireland." Secondary referencing "Stokes, K., O’Neill, K., & McDonald, R. A. (2004). Invasive species in Ireland. Unpublished report to Environment & Heritage Service and National Parks & Wildlife Service. Quercus, Queens University Belfast, Belfast." "The major impact is the damage they cause to newly planted trees (Hayden & Harrington, 2000). The problems associated with sika deer lies in their destruction of saplings, which prevents regeneration within some tracts of woodlands which represent the last vestiges of primordial woodlands in Ireland. The native Yew wood (Taxus baccata) on Muckross peninsula is unique to Ireland and has been subjected to heavy grazing by sika deer." Grazing/herbivory/browsing Taxus baccata n.a. Ireland United Kingdom LV October 2017 Cervus nippon "Forsyth, D. M., Wilmshurst, J. M., Allen, R. B., & Coomes, D. A. (2010). Impacts of introduced deer and extinct moa on New Zealand ecosystems. New Zealand Journal of Ecology, 34(1), 48." Title/Abstract - - n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. New Zealand LV October 2017 Cervus nippon "Larner, J. B. (1977). Sika deer damage to mature woodlands of southwestern Ireland. In Proceedings of the 13th International Congress of Game Biologists. Atlanta: Wildlife Management Institute (pp. 192-202)." Secondary referencing "Sika deer have the habit of scoring tree trunks with their antler points (Lamer, 1977), which makes deeper, and more serious, wounds on the trunk. […] Lamer (1977) found that about 30 per cent of stems were damaged by sika deer in two woods in Ireland, but Schloeth (1968) reported only about 3 per cent damaged by red deer in Switzerland. [...] Sika deer appear to prefer smooth-barked stems greater than 30 cm d.b.h. (Lamer, 1977); yew and rowan were found to be preferred to oak." "Chemical, physical, or structural impact on ecosystems" Trees MN Ireland United Kingdom LV October 2017 Cervus nippon "Wardle JA 1984. The New Zealand beeches: ecology, utilisation and management. Wellington, New Zealand Forest Service. 447 p." Secondary referencing "Parkes, J., Easdale, T., Williamson, W. & Forsyth, D. (2015). Causes and consequences of ground disturbance by feral pigs (Sus scrofa) in a lowland New Zealand conifer-angiosperm forest. New Zealand Journal of Ecology, 39 (1): 34-42." "While some effects might be positive if the disturbance creates sites suitable for seedling regeneration (Wardle 1984), it is generally assumed that the effects will be negative (Wardle 1984; McIlroy 2005)." Direct physical disturbance Vegetation n.a. n.a. New Zealand LS January 2018 Cervus nippon "Bartos, L., Hyánek, J., & Zirovnicky, J. I. R. I. (1981). Hybridization between red and sika deer. I Craniological analysis. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 207(56), 260270." Title/Abstract - - Hybridisation Cervus elaphus n.a. n.a. Czech Republic LV July 2019 Dama dama "Davidson, M.M. & Nugent, G. (1995). Fallow deer. pp.490 - 506 In: King, C.M. Handbook of New Zealand Mammals. Oxford niversity Press,Auckland, N.Z." Secondary referencing "Husheer, S. W., & Frampton, C. M. (2005). Fallow deer impacts on Wakatipu beech forest. New Zealand Journal of Ecology, 83-94." "Previous unpublished studies have stated that highly palatable, subcanopy hardwood species had declined in density within several decades of the introduction of fallow deer at Wakatipu Forest in 1887" Grazing/herbivory/browsing Subcanopy hardwood species MO Wakatipu Forest New Zealand LS January 2018 Dama dama "Tabor, R. C. C. (1999). The effects of Muntjac deer, Muntiacus reevesii, and Fallow deer, Dama dama, on the Oxslip, Primula elatior. DEER-LONDON-, 11, 14-19." Secondary referencing "Kirby, K. J. (2001). The impact of deer on the ground flora of British broadleaved woodland. Forestry, 74(3), 219-229." "For example oxlips Primula elatior, have long been known to be eaten by deer, but whereas muntjac usually just eat the flowers, fallow deer also take a large part of the leaf. Fallow deer therefore not only reduce the seed production in a given year, but also the potential growth and flowering in the next by depleting plant reserves (Tabor, 1999)" Grazing/herbivory/browsing Primula elatior MN n.a. n.a. LS January 2018 Dama dama "Harris, R. A. (1981). Survey of the Fallow Deer Population and its Impact on the Wildlife Conservation Objectives of Castor Hanglands NNR. Nature Conservancy Council, Peterborough." Secondary referencing "Putman, R. J., & Moore, N. P. (1998). Impact of deer in lowland Britain on agriculture, forestry and conservation habitats. Mammal Review, 28(4), 141-164." "Harris (1981) has established that browsing by Fallow Deer in Castor Hanglands National Nature Reserve, while not immediately leading to increased mortality of seedlings, did suppress growth and subsequent recruitment to the canopy" Grazing/herbivory/browsing Vegetation MN Castor Hanglands National Nature Reserve United Kingdom LS January 2018 Dama dama "Ward, L. K., Clarke, R. T., & Cooke, A. S. (1994). Long-term Scrub Succession Deflected by Fallow Deer at Castor Hanglands National Nature Reserve." Secondary referencing "Putman, R. J., & Moore, N. P. (1998). Impact of deer in lowland Britain on agriculture, forestry and conservation habitats. Mammal Review, 28(4), 141-164." "More recent reports (Ward et al., 1994) confirm that Fallow Deer are still causing substantial damage to this reserve with up to 40% of woody plants showing signs of browsing damage." Grazing/herbivory/browsing Woody plants MN Castor Hanglands National Nature Reserve United Kingdom LS January 2018 Dama dama "Rackham, O. (1975b) Hayley Wood: its History and Ecology. Cambridgeshire and Isle of Ely Naturalists’ Trust, Cambridge, UK." Secondary referencing "Taylor, K., & Woodell, S. R. (2008). Biological flora of the British isles: Primula elatior (L.) Hill. Journal of Ecology, 96(5), 1098-1116." "Primula elatior is the favourite food of Fallow deer, which bite out and swallow the middle of the plant, leaves, flowers and all. As a result of erecting exclosures in Hayley Wood, Cambridgeshire, to keep out Fallow deer but let in Muntjac and other animals, oxlip has become more abundant inside than outside the fences (Rackham 1975b, 1999)" Grazing/herbivory/browsing Primula elatior MO "Hayley Wood, Cambridgeshire" United Kingdom LS January 2018 Dama dama "Rackham, O. (1999) The woods 30 years on: where have the primroses gone? Nature in Cambridgeshire. 41, 73–87." Secondary referencing "Taylor, K., & Woodell, S. R. (2008). Biological flora of the British isles: Primula elatior (L.) Hill. Journal of Ecology, 96(5), 1098-1116." "Primula elatior is the favourite food of Fallow deer, which bite out and swallow the middle of the plant, leaves, flowers and all. As a result of erecting exclosures in Hayley Wood, Cambridgeshire, to keep out Fallow deer but let in Muntjac and other animals, oxlip has become more abundant inside than outside the fences (Rackham 1975b, 1999)" Grazing/herbivory/browsing Primula elatior MO "Hayley Wood, Cambridgeshire" United Kingdom LS January 2018 Dama dama Sharma (1994) Secondary referencing "Putman, R.J. (1996) Competition and Resource Partitioning in Temperate Ungulate Assemblies. Chapman and Hall, London" "Sharma (1994) who examined the potential for direct interaction between fallow and roe deer where they occur in simpatry, assessing from transect data the expected number of transect walks on which no deer were seen of either species, the number on which only roe, or only fallow were seen, and the number in which both roe and fallow might be encountered at the same site. Observed frequencies were compared against these expeected values (using Chi-squared test for goodness of fit); no tests showed a significant difference between observed and expected values, offering no evidence that either species makes any attempt to avoid a site because of the presence of the other." Competition Capreolus capreolus MC n.a. n.a. LS January 2018 Dama dama "Golding, C. (2000) Diet, distribution, and density of fallow deer (Dama dama) in the Caples Valley, Otago, New Zealand: implications for future management. Unpubl. MSc thesis, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand. 122 p." Secondary referencing "Nugent, G., Fraser, K. W., Asher, G. W., & Tustin, K. G. (2001). Advances in New Zealand mammalogy 1990–2000: deer. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 31(1), 263-298." "Their densities have been reduced, but in many native forests are still high enough to prevent the regeneration of preferred tree species (Stewart 1988; Smale et al. 1995; Goonan 1995; Golding 2000)." Grazing/herbivory/browsing Trees MN Otago New Zealand LS January 2018 Dama dama "Stewart, G. H. (1988) Forest dynamics and deer browsing in Nothofagus forest of the Blue Mountains, West Otago, New Zealand. Forest Research Institute Contract Report (unpubl.)" Secondary referencing "Nugent, G., Fraser, K. W., Asher, G. W., & Tustin, K. G. (2001). Advances in New Zealand mammalogy 1990–2000: deer. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 31(1), 263-298." "Their densities have been reduced, but in many native forests are still high enough to prevent the regeneration of preferred tree species (Stewart 1988; Smale et al. 1995; Goonan 1995; Golding 2000)." Grazing/herbivory/browsing Trees MN Otago New Zealand LS January 2018 Dama dama "Goonan, J. (1995) The future of the Blue Mountains (Otago) Recreational Hunting Area. University of Otago Wildlife Management Report No. 71. 87 p." Secondary referencing "Nugent, G., Fraser, K. W., Asher, G. W., & Tustin, K. G. (2001). Advances in New Zealand mammalogy 1990–2000: deer. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 31(1), 263-298." "Their densities have been reduced, but in many native forests are still high enough to prevent the regeneration of preferred tree species (Stewart 1988; Smale et al. 1995; Goonan 1995; Golding 2000)." Grazing/herbivory/browsing Trees MN Otago New Zealand LS January 2018 Dama dama "Duncan, A. (1992). The winter diets of fallow deer (Dama dama) and forester kangaroos (Macropus giganteus) in the midlands of Tasmania. Tas. Nat, 110, 1-6." Secondary referencing "Claridge, A. W., Hunt, R., Thrall, P. H., & Mills, D. J. (2016). Germination of native and introduced plants from scats of Fallow Deer (Dama dama) and Eastern Grey Kangaroo (Macropus giganteus) in a south?eastern Australian woodland landscape. Ecological Management & Restoration, 17(1), 56-62." "In the Tasmanian midlands, Duncan (1992) found that grasses such as Yorkshire Fog (Holcus lanatus) and a Danthonia (Austrodanthonia sp.) made up most of the diet of Fallow Deer together with low-?bre herbs such as clovers (Trifolium spp.) and geraniums (Geranium spp.) and high-?bre browse species such as Acacia spp. and Banksia spp. Given these wide-ranging food habits, Fallow Deer potentially can alter native vegetation communities and, in turn, the habitat for associated fauna. " Grazing/herbivory/browsing Holcus lanatus; Austrodanthonia sp.; Trifolium spp.; Geranium spp.; Acacia spp.; Banksia spp. n.a. Tasmania Australia Potential impact ? LS January 2018 Dama dama "Chisholm, W.P. 1991 (unpublished). Animal and vegetation surveys of the Caples and Greenstone Valleys 1970-1990. Department of Conservation Report. Department of onservation, Dunedin, N.Z." Secondary referencing "Husheer, S. W., & Frampton, C. M. (2005). Fallow deer impacts on Wakatipu beech forest. New Zealand Journal of Ecology, 83-94." "Previous unpublished studies have stated that highly palatable, subcanopy hardwood species had declined in density within several decades of the introduction of fallow deer at Wakatipu Forest in 1887 (Davidson and Nugent, 1998) and farming in 1868 (Hayward, 1971; Rose, 1977; Chisholm, 1991; Golding, 2000). Evidence of high levels of fallow deer browsing on Carpodetus serratus (marbleleaf), Griselinia littoralis and Raukaua simplex was noted in these studies." Grazing/herbivory/browsing Carpodetus serratus; Griselina littoralis; Raukaua simplex n.a. Wakatipu Forest New Zealand LS January 2018 Dama dama "Golding, C. 2000 (unpublished). Diet, distribution and density of fallow deer (Dama dama) in the Caples Valley, Otago, New Zealand: implications for future management. M.Sc. thesis, University of Otago, Dunedin, N.Z." Secondary referencing "Husheer, S. W., & Frampton, C. M. (2005). Fallow deer impacts on Wakatipu beech forest. New Zealand Journal of Ecology, 83-94." "Previous unpublished studies have stated that highly palatable, subcanopy hardwood species had declined in density within several decades of the introduction of fallow deer at Wakatipu Forest in 1887 (Davidson and Nugent, 1998) and farming in 1868 (Hayward, 1971; Rose, 1977; Chisholm, 1991; Golding, 2000). Evidence of high levels of fallow deer browsing on Carpodetus serratus (marbleleaf), Griselinia littoralis and Raukaua simplex was noted in these studies." Grazing/herbivory/browsing Carpodetus serratus; Griselina littoralis; Raukaua simplex n.a. Wakatipu Forest New Zealand LS January 2018 Dama dama "Hayward, J.D. 1971 (unpublished). The Forests and Forest Service, Dunedin, N.Z. scublands of the Caples Valley. New Zealand" Secondary referencing "Husheer, S. W., & Frampton, C. M. (2005). Fallow deer impacts on Wakatipu beech forest. New Zealand Journal of Ecology, 83-94." "Previous unpublished studies have stated that highly palatable, subcanopy hardwood species had declined in density within several decades of the introduction of fallow deer at Wakatipu Forest in 1887 (Davidson and Nugent, 1998) and farming in 1868 (Hayward, 1971; Rose, 1977; Chisholm, 1991; Golding, 2000). Evidence of high levels of fallow deer browsing on Carpodetus serratus (marbleleaf), Griselinia littoralis and Raukaua simplex was noted in these studies." Grazing/herbivory/browsing Carpodetus serratus; Griselina littoralis; Raukaua simplex n.a. Wakatipu Forest New Zealand LS January 2018 Dama dama "Rose, A.B. 1977. (unpublished) Forests, deer and opossums in the Greenstone and Caples Valleys. New Zealand Forest Service Report. Held by Department of Conservation ibrary, Dunedin." Secondary referencing "Husheer, S. W., & Frampton, C. M. (2005). Fallow deer impacts on Wakatipu beech forest. New Zealand Journal of Ecology, 83-94." "Previous unpublished studies have stated that highly palatable, subcanopy hardwood species had declined in density within several decades of the introduction of fallow deer at Wakatipu Forest in 1887 (Davidson and Nugent, 1998) and farming in 1868 (Hayward, 1971; Rose, 1977; Chisholm, 1991; Golding, 2000). Evidence of high levels of fallow deer browsing on Carpodetus serratus (marbleleaf), Griselinia littoralis and Raukaua simplex was noted in these studies." Grazing/herbivory/browsing Carpodetus serratus; Griselina littoralis; Raukaua simplex n.a. Wakatipu Forest New Zealand LS January 2018 Dama dama "Davidson, M.M.; Nugent, G. 1995. Fallow deer. pp. 490 - 506 In: King, C.M. Handbook of New Zealand Mammals. Oxford University Press, Auckland, N.Z." Secondary referencing "Husheer, S. W., & Frampton, C. M. (2005). Fallow deer impacts on Wakatipu beech forest. New Zealand Journal of Ecology, 83-94." "Previous unpublished studies have stated that highly palatable, subcanopy hardwood species had declined in density within several decades of the introduction of fallow deer at Wakatipu Forest in 1887 (Davidson and Nugent, 1998) and farming in 1868 (Hayward, 1971; Rose, 1977; Chisholm, 1991; Golding, 2000). Evidence of high levels of fallow deer browsing on Carpodetus serratus (marbleleaf), Griselinia littoralis and Raukaua simplex was noted in these studies." Grazing/herbivory/browsing Carpodetus serratus; Griselina littoralis; Raukaua simplex n.a. Wakatipu Forest New Zealand LS January 2018 Dama dama "Abeywickrama, B.A. (1949) A study of the variations in the field layer vegetation of two Cambridgeshire woods. PhD dissertation, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.; Rackham, O. (1975b) Hayley Wood: its History and Ecology. Cambridgeshire and Isle of Ely Naturalists’ Trust, Cambridge, UK.; Rackham, O. (1999) The woods 30 years on: where have the primroses gone? Nature in Cambridgeshire. 41, 73–87.; Rackham, O. (2003) Ancient Woodland its History, Vegetation and Uses in England, New edition. Castlepoint Press, Colvend, Dalbeattie, Kirkudbright, UK.; Preston, C.D. (1993) The distribution of the Oxlip Primula elatior (L.) Hill in Cambridgeshire. Nature in Cambridgeshire, 35, 29–60.; Tabor, R.C.C. (2002) Status Distribution and Identification. Notes on Essex specialties 7: the distribution of the Oxlip Primula elatior L. in Essex. Essex Naturalist (New Series), 19, 113–134.; Tabor, R.C.C. (2005) Status of the Oxlip, Primula elatior (L.) Hill at Hempstead Wood, Essex-2002. Report for Forest Enterprise, East Anglia Forest District, Santon Downham, Brandon, Suffolk, UK." Secondary referencing "Taylor, K., & Woodell, S. R. (2008). Biological flora of the British isles: Primula elatior (L.) Hill. Journal of Ecology, 96(5), 1098-1116." "Detailed surveys of oxlip woods during the past 60 years have shown that there has been a significant decline in the numbers of P. elatior and a marked reduction in its famed prolific spring flowering display (Abeywickrama 1949; Rackham 1975b, 1999, 2003; Preston 1993; Tabor 2002, 2005). Fallow deer (Dama dama) and Muntjac deer (Muntiacus reevesi Ogilby), in particular, have been shown to be a major cause of this decline. Primula elatior is the favourite food of Fallow deer, which bite out and swallow the middle of the plant, leaves, flowers and all." Grazing/herbivory/browsing Primula elatior MO British Isles United Kingdom It is not clear in which reference the link between the decline in P. elatior population and the presence of dama dama is made. LV March 2019 Elephas maximus "Sivaganesan, N., & Kumar, A. (1995). Status of feral elephants in Andamans. In ‘A week with elephants: Proceedings of the International Seminar on the Conservation of Asian elephant’, June 1993. JC Daniel & HS Datye, eds." Secondary referencing "Ali, R. (2004). The effect of introduced herbivores on vegetation. Current Science, 86(8)." "Sivaganesan and Kumar14 reported heavy damage to vegetation by elephants on Interview Island, with canes, bamboos and Pandanus having shown a major decline. They also found damage to a number of trees that were uprooted or debarked. A preliminary survey by us in January 2001 confirmed that debarking of a large number of trees was occurring. " Grazing/herbivory/browsing; Direct physical disturbance Calamus spp.; Bambusoideae; Pandanus spp. MO Interview Island (Andaman Islands) India LV August 2019 Equus asinus "Longshore KM, Douglas CL (1988) Vegetational recovery following burro removal in Death Valley National Monument. No. 035/04. Cooperative National Park Resources Studies Unit, University of Nevada Las Vegas" Secondary referencing "Abella, S. R. (2008). A systematic review of wild burro grazing effects on Mojave Desert vegetation, USA. Environmental Management, 41(6), 809-819." "The most striking trend in a replicated study (Longshore and Douglas 1988) was that perennial grasses were three to nine times more dense inside than outside exclosures averaged for 2–3 years of measurements […] However, similarly to the utilization studies, it may be important to isolate grazing by burros from that of other herbivores, which was not addressed in any of the exclosure studies" Grazing/herbivory/browsing Perennial grasses MO Mojave Desert United States LS january 2018 Equus asinus "Webb, R. H. & Bowers, J. E. (1993). The impacts of grazing on plant demography in Grand Canyon. Pp. 210-223. In Young, D. D. (ed.), Vegetation management of hot desert rangeland ecosys tems: Papers presented at a symposium. University of Arizona, Tucson." Secondary referencing "Bowers, J. E. (1997). Demographic patterns of Ferocactus cylindraceus in relation to substrate age and grazing history. Plant Ecology, 133(1), 37-48." "The Indian Canyon site, a level sandstone bench partly covered by colluvium, has not been dated but was no doubt exposed by fluvial erosion and mass wasting many millennia before the present. This site was grazed by feral burros for an unknown number of years before 1981, resulting in a marked decline in numbers of Ambrosia dumosa, a palatable subshrub, and in accelerated turnover of several other species (Webb & Bowers 1993). Grazing was terminated in 1981." Grazing/herbivory/browsing Ambrosia dumosa MO "Indian Canyon, Arizona" United States LS january 2018 Equus asinus "Carothers SW, Stitt ME, Johnson RR (1976) Feral asses on public lands: an analysis of biotic impact, legal considerations and management alternatives. North American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference Transactions 41:396–406" Secondary referencing "Abella, S. R. (2008). A systematic review of wild burro grazing effects on Mojave Desert vegetation, USA. Environmental Management, 41(6), 809-819." "The two Mojave Desert studies (both of which were control-impact) uncovered in this review that evaluated burro effects on plant species richness found that richness differed by only one or two species between grazed and ungrazed areas (Carothers and others 1976, Bennett and others 1981)." Grazing/herbivory/browsing Vegetation n.a. Mojave Desert United States Unpublished report LS january 2018 Equus asinus "Bennett PS, Phillips AM, Ruffner GA, Carothers SW, Johnson RR (1981) Effects of burro foraging on four types of Grand Canyon vegetation. In: Proceedings of the Second Conference on Scientific Research in the National Parks. U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Washington, DC, pp 319– 337" Secondary referencing "Abella, S. R. (2008). A systematic review of wild burro grazing effects on Mojave Desert vegetation, USA. Environmental Management, 41(6), 809-819." "The two Mojave Desert studies (both of which were control-impact) uncovered in this review that evaluated burro effects on plant species richness found that richness differed by only one or two species between grazed and ungrazed areas (Carothers and others 1976, Bennett and others 1981)." Grazing/herbivory/browsing Vegetation n.a. Mojave Desert United States Unpublished report LS january 2018 Equus asinus "Jordan JW, Ruffner GA, Carothers SW, Phillips AM (1979) Summer diets of feral burros (Equus asinus) in Grand Canyon National Park, Arizona. In: Denniston RH (ed) Symposium on the ecology and behavior of wild and feral equids. University of Wyoming, Laramie, pp 15–22" Secondary referencing "Abella, S. R. (2008). A systematic review of wild burro grazing effects on Mojave Desert vegetation, USA. Environmental Management, 41(6), 809-819." "Several studies suggested that burro grazing reduced native perennial grasses during the study period (e.g., Jordan and others 1979, Ginnett 1982, Longshore and Douglas 1988), although it less clear if these grasses were already at reduced quantities due to historical grazing" Grazing/herbivory/browsing Perennial grasses MO Grand Canyon National Park (Arizona) United States LS january 2018 Equus asinus "Ginnett TF (1982) Comparative feeding ecology of feral burros and desert bighorn sheep in Death Valley National Monument. M.Sc. thesis, University of Nevada Las Vegas" Secondary referencing "Abella, S. R. (2008). A systematic review of wild burro grazing effects on Mojave Desert vegetation, USA. Environmental Management, 41(6), 809-819." "Several studies suggested that burro grazing reduced native perennial grasses during the study period (e.g., Jordan and others 1979, Ginnett 1982, Longshore and Douglas 1988), although it less clear if these grasses were already at reduced quantities due to historical grazing" Grazing/herbivory/browsing Perennial grasses MO Death Valley National Monument United States Master thesis LS january 2018 Equus asinus "Dixon JS, Sumner EL (1939) A survey of desert bighorn in Death Valley National Monument, summer 1938. California Fish and Game 25:72–95" Secondary referencing "Abella, S. R. (2008). A systematic review of wild burro grazing effects on Mojave Desert vegetation, USA. Environmental Management, 41(6), 809-819." "With few predators, burro density increased in the Southwest in the early and mid-1900s, alarming ecologists and resource managers who believed that these nonnative animals negatively affected desert soils, native bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis nelsoni), and plant communities (Dixon and Sumner 1939; Weaver 1973; Sanchez 1974)." Competition Ovis canadensis nelsoni n.a. Death Valley National Monument United States LS january 2018 Equus asinus "Dixon JS, Sumner EL (1939) A survey of desert bighorn in Death Valley National Monument, summer 1938. California Fish and Game 25:72–95" Secondary referencing "Abella, S. R. (2008). A systematic review of wild burro grazing effects on Mojave Desert vegetation, USA. Environmental Management, 41(6), 809-819." "With few predators, burro density increased in the Southwest in the early and mid-1900s, alarming ecologists and resource managers who believed that these nonnative animals negatively affected desert soils, native bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis nelsoni), and plant communities (Dixon and Sumner 1939; Weaver 1973; Sanchez 1974)." Grazing/herbivory/browsing Vegetation n.a. Death Valley National Monument United States LS january 2018 Equus asinus "Fisher, J. 1975. Impact of feral asses on community structure in the Acamptopappus-Grayia plant community. Unpublished ms on file at Death Valley National Monument." Secondary referencing "Douglas CL, Norment C (1977) Habitat damage by feral burros in Death Valley. Desert Bighorn Council transactions 21:23–25" "Fisher (1975), who studied plants inside and outside of an exclosurein WiidroseCanyon. He foundsignificantdifferences in the volumes of individuals located outside vs. Inside the exclosure for Acamptopappus. Ambrosia, Coieogyne, Daiea, and Grayia; in all cases, inside volumes were greater than outside volumes" Grazing/herbivory/browsing Acamptopappus sp.; Ambrosia sp.; Coieogyne sp.; Daiea sp.; Grayia sp. MO Wiidrose Canyon (Death Valley National Monument) United States Unpublished report LS january 2018 Equus asinus "Hamann, 0. (1981). Plant communities of the Galapagos Islands. Dansk Botanisk Arkiv 34(2):1-163." Secondary referencing "Schofield, E. K. (1989). Effects of introduced plants and animals on island vegetation: examples from Galápagos Archipelago. Conservation Biology, 3(3), 227-239." "Donkeys contribute additional damage to the vegeta- tion on Santiago, and on Santa Cruz they have reduced vegetation in some remote areas (Hamann 1981)." Grazing/herbivory/browsing Vegetation MO Galapagos Islands Ecuador LS january 2018 Equus asinus "Wittmer, M. (1961). Floreana. Michael Joseph, London, U.K" Secondary referencing "Schofield, E. K. (1989). Effects of introduced plants and animals on island vegetation: examples from Galápagos Archipelago. Conservation Biology, 3(3), 227-239." "When permanent settlers arrived on Floreana in 1932, donkeys had already tramped out regular paths through the vegetation (Wittmer 1961)." Direct physical disturbance Vegetation n.a. Galapagos Islands Ecuador LS january 2018 Equus asinus "Hoeck, H. N. (1984). Introduced fauna. Pages 233-245 in R. Perry, editor. Key environments. Galapagos. Pergamon Press, Oxford, U.K" Secondary referencing "Schofield, E. K. (1989). Effects of introduced plants and animals on island vegetation: examples from Galápagos Archipelago. Conservation Biology, 3(3), 227-239." "Along with grazing, this trampling created open spaces and allowed soil erosion to occur (Hoeck 1984)." Direct physical disturbance Vegetation n.a. Galapagos Islands Ecuador LS january 2018 Equus caballus "De Stoppelaire, G. H. (2002). Impact of horse grazing on American beachgrass and dune geomorphology: Assateague Island National Seashore. Master’s thesis. University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA. " Secondary referencing "Sturm, M. (2008). Assessing the effects of ungulates on natural resources at Assateague Island National Seashore. Park Science, 25, 44-49." This research also confi rmed the fi nding of Seliskar (1997) and De Stoppelaire (2002) that horse herbivory reduces American beachgrass abundance. Understanding this aspect of the infl uence of horse herbivory is key because of the important role American beachgrass plays in dune development and maintenance. Grazing/herbivory/browsing Ammophila breviligulata MO Assateague Island United States LS January 2018 Equus caballus "Seliskar, D. (1997). The effect of grazing by feral horses on American beachgrass at Assateague Island National Seashore. Final Report. University of Delaware, Dover, Delaware, USA. " Secondary referencing "De Stoppelaire, G. H., Gillespie, T. W., Brock, J. C., & Tobin, G. A. (2004). Use of remote sensing techniques to determine the effects of grazing on vegetation cover and dune elevation at Assateague Island National Seashore: impact of horses. Environmental Management, 34(5), 642-649." "In a 1993 study, permanent fenced and unfenced plots were established to examine the impacts of feral horse grazing on American beachgrass (A. breviligulata) (Seliskar 1997). This study found that the herd had a significant effect on the growth and spread of A. breviligulata. Although the surveys of the initial study were terminated in 1995, five fenced plots located in areas with sand flats remained intact to the present. " Grazing/herbivory/browsing Ammophila breviligulata MO Assateague Island United States LS January 2018 Equus caballus "Sturm, M. (2007). Assessment of the effects of feral horses, sika deer and white-tailed deer on Assateague Island’s forest and shrub habitats. Berlin, MD: Assateague Island National Seashore." Secondary referencing "Freedman, B., Catling, P. M., & Lucas, Z. (2011). Effects of feral horses on vegetation of Sable Island, Nova Scotia. The Canadian Field-Naturalist, 125(3), 200-212." "working on exclosures on Assateague Island, Sturm (2007*) found that horses reduced the abundance of forage species and the species richness, evenness, and diversity of their communities." Grazing/herbivory/browsing Vegetation MO Assateague island United States LS January 2018 Equus caballus "Meeker, J.O. (1979). Interactions between Pronghorn Antelope and Feral Horses in Northwestern Nevada. Thesis. University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada, p. 101." Secondary referencing "Gooch, A. M., Petersen, S. L., Collins, G. H., Smith, T. S., McMillan, B. R., & Eggett, D. L. (2017). The impact of feral horses on pronghorn behavior at water sources. Journal of Arid Environments, 138, 38-43." "In semiarid rangelands of western North America, feral horses may compete with pronghorn (Antilocapra americana) and other sympatric native species for limited water, food resources, and habitat" Competition Antilocapra americana n.a. Northwestern Nevada United States LS January 2018 Equus caballus "Berman, M. D., and Jarman, P. J. (1988). Feral horses in the Northern Territory. Vol. 4: Environmental impact of feral horses in central Australia. Conservation Commission of the Northern Territory, Darwin." Secondary referencing "Nimmo, D. G., & Miller, K. K. (2007). Ecological and human dimensions of management of feral horses in Australia: a review. Wildlife Research, 34(5), 408-417." Grazing also leads to changes in the species composition and structure of plant communities (Berman and Jarman 1988)[…] Grazing and trampling by feral horses also have the capacity to damage waterways (Berman and Jarman 1988) […] Berman and Jarman (1988; p. 54) state that feral horses ‘foul water holes with carcasses and cause accelerated gully erosion’ in central Australia Grazing/herbivory/browsing Vegetation n.a. Northern Territory Australia LS January 2018 Equus caballus "Coventry, A. J., & Robertson, P. (1980). New records of scincid lizards from Victoria. Victorian Naturalist, 97(5), 190-193." Secondary referencing "Nimmo, D. G., & Miller, K. K. (2007). Ecological and human dimensions of management of feral horses in Australia: a review. Wildlife Research, 34(5), 408-417." "Similarly, grazing by feral horses has been linked (although not quantitatively) to the decline of reptiles (Coventry and Robertson 1980; Mansergh 1982) and amphibians (Gillespie et al. 1995; cited in Clemann 2002) in the Australian Alps. " Grazing/herbivory/browsing Reptiles MO Victoria Australia LS January 2018 Equus caballus "Mansergh, I. (1982). Notes on the range extension of the alpine water skink (Sphenomorphus kosciuskoi) in Victoria. Victorian Naturalist 99, 123–124." Secondary referencing "Nimmo, D. G., & Miller, K. K. (2007). Ecological and human dimensions of management of feral horses in Australia: a review. Wildlife Research, 34(5), 408-417." "Similarly, grazing by feral horses has been linked (although not quantitatively) to the decline of reptiles (Coventry and Robertson 1980; Mansergh 1982) and amphibians (Gillespie et al. 1995; cited in Clemann 2002) in the Australian Alps. " Grazing/herbivory/browsing Reptiles MO Victoria Australia LS January 2018 Equus caballus "Gillespie, G. R., Osborne, W. S., and McElhinney, N. A. (1995). The conservation status of frogs in the Australian Alps, a review. A report to the Alps liaison committee. Victorian Department of Conservation and Natural Resources, Melbourne. " Secondary referencing "Nimmo, D. G., & Miller, K. K. (2007). Ecological and human dimensions of management of feral horses in Australia: a review. Wildlife Research, 34(5), 408-417." "Similarly, grazing by feral horses has been linked (although not quantitatively) to the decline of reptiles (Coventry and Robertson 1980; Mansergh 1982) and amphibians (Gillespie et al. 1995; cited in Clemann 2002) in the Australian Alps. " Grazing/herbivory/browsing Amphibians MO Australian Alps Australia LS January 2018 Equus caballus "Barber, D. C., & Pilkey,O.H. Jr. (2001). Influence of grazing on barrier island vegetation and geomorphology, coastal North Carolina. Geological Society of America, 1–10 November 2001, Boston, MA, p 166." Title/Abstract - - Grazing/herbivory/browsing Vegetation n.a. "Cedar Island, North Carolina" United States LS january 2018 Equus caballus "Warner, R. E. (1960). A forest dies on Mauna Kea. Pacific Discovery, 13(2), 6-14." Title/Abstract - "This document tells of how feral livestock was brought to the islands by Captain Cook and Captain Vancouver at around 1800, how a tabu that was placed on the animals allowed the livestock population to multiply extremely fast, and how the overgrazing of feral cattle, sheep, goats, and horses lead to the destruction of the forests that consisted of Mamane (Sophora chrysophylla), Koa, and Naio (Myoporum sandwicense) trees along with the understory of shrubs and grasses. Also described, are the efforts that were made in an attempt to restore these forests through the establishment of a Mauna Kea Forest Reserve, fencing projects, and other government efforts that were designed to protect the forests from further abuse. " Grazing/herbivory/browsing Sophora chrysophylla; Acacia koa; Myoporum sandwicense MO Mauna Kea (Hawaii Islands) United States Livestock or feral? LV October 2019 Hemitragus jemlahicus "Parkes, J. P., Thomson, C., Newall, C. L., and Forrester, G. (2004). impacts of Himalayan thar (Hemitragus jemlahicus) on snow tussock grasslands in the Southern Alps. Landcare Research Contract Report LC0304/77. Landcare Research, Lincoln, New Zealand." Secondary referencing "Parkes, J. P. (2009). Management of Himalayan thar (Hemitragus jemlahicus) in New Zealand: the influence of Graeme Caughley. Wildlife Research, 36(1), 41-47." "However, an impact of thar herbivory was still detectable as for every increase in thar density of 1 km 2 the basal area, height, and density of tussocks declined by 3.0%, 0.6%, and 2.0%, respectively (Parkes et al. 2004)." Grazing/herbivory/browsing Chionochloa spp. MO "Southern Alp, South island" New Zealand LS January 2018 Hydropotes inermis "White, P.C.L., Ward, A.I., Smart, J.C.R. & Moore, N.P. 2004. Impacts of deer and deer management on woodland biodiversity in the English lowlands. Final contract report to The Woodland Trust, Grantham, Lincs." Secondary referencing "Battersby, J. (2005). UK mammals: species status and population trends. JNCC/Tracking Mammals Partnership.(3 November 2006." "There are no known significant impacts on forestry agriculture or conservation, but this may change as populations increase in size and range (White et al., 2004)." Grazing/herbivory/browsing n.a. MC n.a. United Kingdom LV May 2017 Lama guanicoe "Strange, I.J. (1989) Conservation and environmental assessment report (Falkland Islands). Typed. Department of Agriculture, Stanley, Falkland Islands." Secondary referencing "Franklin, W. L., & Grigione, M. M. (2005). The enigma of guanacos in the Falkland Islands: the legacy of John Hamilton. Journal of biogeography, 32(4), 661-675." "Oceanic Heath and grass are the island’s dominant plant formations. A serious loss of biodiversity occurred when the once abundant and ecologically important stands of tussac grass (Poa flabellata) were destroyed by fire and overgrazing by historically present sheep and more recently guanacos (Moore, 1968; Strange, 1989, 1992; Kerr & McAdam, 2003)." Grazing/herbivory/browsing Poa flabellata MO "Staats Island, Falkland Islands" United Kingdom "We checked in Moore, 1968 and in Kerr & McAdam, 2003: no mention of guanicos (it might be the case in this article too)" LV January 2018 Lama guanicoe "Strange, I.J. (1992) A field guide to the wildlife of the Falkland Islands and South Georgia. Harper Collins, London." Secondary referencing "Franklin, W. L., & Grigione, M. M. (2005). The enigma of guanacos in the Falkland Islands: the legacy of John Hamilton. Journal of biogeography, 32(4), 661-675." "Oceanic Heath and grass are the island’s dominant plant formations. A serious loss of biodiversity occurred when the once abundant and ecologically important stands of tussac grass (Poa flabellata) were destroyed by fire and overgrazing by historically present sheep and more recently guanacos (Moore, 1968; Strange, 1989, 1992; Kerr & McAdam, 2003)." Grazing/herbivory/browsing Poa flabellata MO "Staats Island, Falkland Islands" United Kingdom "We checked in Moore, 1968 and in Kerr & McAdam, 2003: no mention of guanicos (it might be the case in this article too)" LV January 2018 Lama guanicoe "Strange, I.J. (1987) Tussock grass survey. Typed, on file with the Falkland Department of Agriculture, Stanley, Falkland Islands." Secondary referencing "Franklin, W. L., & Grigione, M. M. (2005). The enigma of guanacos in the Falkland Islands: the legacy of John Hamilton. Journal of biogeography, 32(4), 661-675." "While tussac grass and native boxwood (Hebe eliptica) have nearly disappeared from Staats Island due to fire and overgrazing by cattle, sheep and guanacos (Strange, 1987; Franklin, unpubl. data) and there are areas of sheet erosion on some steep slopes, the vegas continue to be in good condition, supporting a guanaco population in good physical condition (Franklin, 2004)." Grazing/herbivory/browsing Poa flabellata; Hebe eliptica MO "Staats Island, Falkland Islands" United Kingdom LV January 2018 Muntiacus reevesi Tabor R. (1998) The oxlip in Britain: is its future in doubt? Brit. Wildl. 10. (2): 92-101 Secondary referencing "Freeman, M. S., Beatty, G. E., Dick, J. T., Reid, N., & Provan, J. (2016). The paradox of invasion: Reeves' muntjac deer invade the British Isles from a limited number of founding females. Journal of Zoology, 298(1), 54-63." "Browsing and grazing pressure by muntjac has had major impacts on woodland ground flora diversity and tree regeneration (Joys, Fuller & Dolman, 2004) and, as a result, there have been cascade effects on other taxa, including rare butterflies such as the heath fritillary (Melitaea athalia) and wood white (Leptidea sinapis) (Tabor, 1998). " Grazing/herbivory/browsing Melitaea athalia; Leptidea sinapis n.a. Monks Wood National Nature Reserve United Kingdom LS January 2018 Muntiacus reevesi "Cooke, A.S. and Farrell, L. (1995) Establishment and impact of muntjac (Muntiacus reevesi) on two national nature reserves. In B.A. Mayle (ed.), Muntjac Deer. Their Biology, Impact and Management in Britain. Edinburgh, UK: Forestry Commission, pp. 48–62." Secondary referencing "Cooke, A. S., & Farrell, L. (2001). Impact of muntjac deer (Muntiacus reevesi) at Monks Wood National Nature Reserve, Cambridgeshire, eastern England. Forestry, 74(3), 241-250." "Muntjac are small deer and mainly browse regrowth stems up to a height of 100 cm (Cooke and Farrell, 1995). Stems that are taller may be bitten at a convenient height and broken so that their tips can be defoliated (Cooke and Farrell, 1995). […] Browsing of regrowth does not always lead to significant ecological or conservation impact. At the level of an individual stool, browsing may have negligible effect on the final canopy after regrowth, it may reduce the canopy density perceptibly (Cooke and Farrell, 1995), or, if all regrowth is destroyed and browsing continuaes the stool is likely to die within a few years (Cooke, 1998a)." Grazing/herbivory/browsing n.a. MN n.a. United Kingdom LS January 2018 Muntiacus reevesi "Peterken, G.F. (1994) Natural change in in unmanaged stands within Monks Wod NNR. In Monks Wood National Nature Reserve: The Experience of 40 years 1953-93. M.E. Massey and Welch R.C. (eds). English Nature, Peterborough, pp.1-8." Secondary referencing "Cooke, A. S., & Farrell, L. (2001). Impact of muntjac deer (Muntiacus reevesi) at Monks Wood National Nature Reserve, Cambridgeshire, eastern England. Forestry, 74(3), 241-250." "Peterken (1994) resurveyed in 1992 part of a transect previously recorded in 1985 and noted that the most obvious change was the destruction of privet (Ligustrum vulgare) undergrowth and groups of ash regeneration. He commented that privet had exceeded 1.3 m in 1985, but was <0.3 m in 1992 and heavily browsed. Privet is slow-growing with thin stems, and is readily browsed and broken by muntjac." Grazing/herbivory/browsing Ligustrum vulgare MN Monks Wood National Nature Reserve United Kingdom LS January 2018 Muntiacus reevesi "Diaz, A. and Burton, R.J. (1996) The impact of predation by Muntjac deer Muntiacus reevesi on sexual reproduction of the woodland herb, Lords & Ladies Arum maculatum. Deer 10,14–19" Secondary referencing "Ferretti, F. and Lovari, S.(2014). Introducing aliens: problems associated with invasive exotics.In ., Putman, R. J., & Apollonio, M. (ed.) Behaviour and management of European ungulates. Dunbeath, UK: Whittles Publishing, 78-109." "At present, local negative impacts of muntjac have been reported largely from England (CABI, 2014; horticulture: Putman and Moore, 1998; gardens: Chapman et al., 1994b; damages to forestry, through browsing and stem breakage: Tabor, 1993; Cooke, 1994, 1998, 2006; Cooke and Farrell, 2001). Where this species reaches great densities, it may have signifi cant impacts on woodland shrub and ground layers (e.g. Rackham 1975; Tabor 1993, 1999; Cooke 1994, 2004, 2005, 2006, Cooke and Farrell, 1995, 2001; Diaz and Burton, 1996; Taylor and Woodell 2008; CABI, 2014), with cascade effects on invertebrates and birds (e.g. Pollard and Cooke, 1994; Pollard et al., 1998; Cooke and Farrell, 2001; Cooke, 2004). These changes seem to be only partially reversible, after reduction of muntjac density through culling (Cooke, 2005; cf. Nugent et al., 2001; Coomes et al., 2003; Tanentzap et al., 2009; Forsyth et al., 2010, for case-studies on other deer species, introduced to New Zealand). However, these impacts were recorded at extremely high deer densities, and the extent to which these damages are more widely repre-sentative is uncertain (Putman et al., 2011)." Grazing/herbivory/browsing Vegetation n.a. n.a. n.a. LS January 2018 Muntiacus reevesi "Tabor, R.C. (1999) The effects of Muntjac deer, Muntiacus reevesi, and Fallow deer Damabdama, on the oxslip Primula elatior. Deer 11, 14–19." Secondary referencing "Ferretti, F. and Lovari, S.(2014). Introducing aliens: problems associated with invasive exotics.In ., Putman, R. J., & Apollonio, M. (ed.) Behaviour and management of European ungulates. Dunbeath, UK: Whittles Publishing, 78-109." "At present, local negative impacts of muntjac have been reported largely from England (CABI, 2014; horticulture: Putman and Moore, 1998; gardens: Chapman et al., 1994b; damages to forestry, through browsing and stem breakage: Tabor, 1993; Cooke, 1994, 1998, 2006; Cooke and Farrell, 2001). Where this species reaches great densities, it may have signifi cant impacts on woodland shrub and ground layers (e.g. Rackham 1975; Tabor 1993, 1999; Cooke 1994, 2004, 2005, 2006, Cooke and Farrell, 1995, 2001; Diaz and Burton, 1996; Taylor and Woodell 2008; CABI, 2014), with cascade effects on invertebrates and birds (e.g. Pollard and Cooke, 1994; Pollard et al., 1998; Cooke and Farrell, 2001; Cooke, 2004). These changes seem to be only partially reversible, after reduction of muntjac density through culling (Cooke, 2005; cf. Nugent et al., 2001; Coomes et al., 2003; Tanentzap et al., 2009; Forsyth et al., 2010, for case-studies on other deer species, introduced to New Zealand). However, these impacts were recorded at extremely high deer densities, and the extent to which these damages are more widely repre-sentative is uncertain (Putman et al., 2011)." Grazing/herbivory/browsing Vegetation n.a. n.a. n.a. LS January 2018 Muntiacus reevesi "Cooke, A.S. (2004) Muntjac and conservation woodland. In C.P. Quine, R.F. Shore and R.C. Trout (eds), Managing Woodlands and their Mammals: Proceedings of a Joint mammal Society/ Forestry Commission Symposium. Edinburgh, UK: Forestry Commission, pp. 65–69." Secondary referencing "Ferretti, F. and Lovari, S.(2014). Introducing aliens: problems associated with invasive exotics.In ., Putman, R. J., & Apollonio, M. (ed.) Behaviour and management of European ungulates. Dunbeath, UK: Whittles Publishing, 78-109." "At present, local negative impacts of muntjac have been reported largely from England (CABI, 2014; horticulture: Putman and Moore, 1998; gardens: Chapman et al., 1994b; damages to forestry, through browsing and stem breakage: Tabor, 1993; Cooke, 1994, 1998, 2006; Cooke and Farrell, 2001). Where this species reaches great densities, it may have signifi cant impacts on woodland shrub and ground layers (e.g. Rackham 1975; Tabor 1993, 1999; Cooke 1994, 2004, 2005, 2006, Cooke and Farrell, 1995, 2001; Diaz and Burton, 1996; Taylor and Woodell 2008; CABI, 2014), with cascade effects on invertebrates and birds (e.g. Pollard and Cooke, 1994; Pollard et al., 1998; Cooke and Farrell, 2001; Cooke, 2004). These changes seem to be only partially reversible, after reduction of muntjac density through culling (Cooke, 2005; cf. Nugent et al., 2001; Coomes et al., 2003; Tanentzap et al., 2009; Forsyth et al., 2010, for case-studies on other deer species, introduced to New Zealand). However, these impacts were recorded at extremely high deer densities, and the extent to which these damages are more widely repre-sentative is uncertain (Putman et al., 2011)." "Grazing/herbivory/browsing; Chemical, physical, or structural impact on ecosystems" Vegetation; Invertebrates; Birds n.a. n.a. n.a. LS January 2018 Muntiacus reevesi Cooke AS (1998) Survival and regrowth performance of coppiced ash (Fraxinus excelsior) in relation to browsing damage by muntjac deer (Muntiacus reevesi). Quarterly Journal of Forestry 92:286–290. Secondary referencing "Putman, R., Langbein, J., Green, P., & Watson, P. (2011). Identifying threshold densities for wild deer in the UK above which negative impacts may occur. Mammal Review, 41(3), 175-196." "At present, local negative impacts of muntjac have been reported largely from England (CABI, 2014; horticulture: Putman and Moore, 1998; gardens: Chapman et al., 1994b; damages to forestry, through browsing and stem breakage: Tabor, 1993; Cooke, 1994, 1998, 2006; Cooke and Farrell, 2001). Where this species reaches great densities, it may have signifi cant impacts on woodland shrub and ground layers (e.g. Rackham 1975; Tabor 1993, 1999; Cooke 1994, 2004, 2005, 2006, Cooke and Farrell, 1995, 2001; Diaz and Burton, 1996; Taylor and Woodell 2008; CABI, 2014), with cascade effects on invertebrates and birds (e.g. Pollard and Cooke, 1994; Pollard et al., 1998; Cooke and Farrell, 2001; Cooke, 2004). These changes seem to be only partially reversible, after reduction of muntjac density through culling (Cooke, 2005; cf. Nugent et al., 2001; Coomes et al., 2003; Tanentzap et al., 2009; Forsyth et al., 2010, for case-studies on other deer species, introduced to New Zealand). However, these impacts were recorded at extremely high deer densities, and the extent to which these damages are more widely repre-sentative is uncertain (Putman et al., 2011)." "Grazing/herbivory/browsing; Chemical, physical, or structural impact on ecosystems" Vegetation; Invertebrates; Birds n.a. n.a. n.a. LS January 2018 Odocoileus virginianus "Cameron, A. W 1958. Mammals of the islands in the gulf of the St-Lawrence. National Museum of Canada, Department of Northern Affairs and National Resources, Ottawa." Secondary referencing "Côté, S. (2005). Extirpation of a Large Black Bear Population by Introduced WhiteTailed Deer. Conservation Biology, 19(5), 16681671. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/3591137" "During the first half of the twentieth century, however, numbers of black bear plunged, and they became rare on the island by 1950 (Cameron 1958)." Competition Ursus americanus MO Anticosti Island Canada "Causality is established by Côté (2005) (based on correlations) - Quotation: Therefore, I suggest that the near eradication of shrubs producing berries by deer browsing removed the most important food source for black bears in early autumn. Although alternative hypotheses cannot be ruled fully out, the near elimination of the shrub layer appears to be the main explanation for the bear decline because no other food source was available in sufficient abundance in autumn for bears to accumulate body reserves for the winter." LV July 2017 Odocoileus virginianus "Purey-Cust, J. R., and McClymont, R. B. 1979. Stewart Island: Land management study. Wel- lington: New Zealand Forest Service and De- partment of Lands and Survey." Secondary referencing "Veblen, T. T., & Stewart, G. H. (1982). The effects of introduced wild animals on New Zealand forests. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 72(3), 372-397." Dead patches of trees of several different species in lowland conifer-broadleaved forests along the coast of Stewart Island were first noticed in the 1950s and were assumed to be due to the effects of either white-tailed deer or opos- sums (Purey-Cust and McClymont 1979). Grazing/herbivory/browsing Conifer-broadleaved forests MN Stewart Island New Zealand LV July 2017 Odocoileus virginianus "POTVIN, F. 1992. L'habitat du cerf à Anticosti de 1978 à 1988: un suivi quinquennal. Que., Minist. Loisir, Chasse & Pêche, Dir. gén. esp. & hab. Sous presse." Secondary referencing "Potvin, F., & Breton, L. (1992). Impact du cerf sur la succession végétale après coupe à Anticosti: suivi d'un ensemble d'exclos de 1984 à 1989. Direction de la gestion des espèces et des habitats, Direction générale de la ressource faunique, Ministère du loisir, de la chasse et de la pêche." "Plusieurs auteurs ont souligné que le cerf serait responsable de l'absence presque complète d'une strate arbustive, ayant éliminé ou pratiquement eliminé des essences comme l'if du Canada (Taxus canadensis). le noisetier (Corylus cornuta) et l'érable à épis (Acer spicatum) (Potvin, 1992)." Grazing/herbivory/browsing Taxus canadensis; Corylus cornuta; Acer spicatum MO Anticosti Island Canada LV July 2017 Odocoileus virginianus "Pimlott, D. H., 1963. Influence of deer and moose on boreal forest vegetation in two areas of eastern Canada. Transactions of the International Union of Game Biologists, 6: 105-116." Secondary referencing "Chouinard, A., & Filion, L. (2001). Detrimental effects of white-tailed deer browsing on balsam fir growth and recruitment in a second-growth stand on Anticosti Island, Québec. Ecoscience, 8(2), 199-210." "Deer may have greatly contributed to the reduction or elimination of several woody plants such as Taxus canadensis (Marsh.), Corylus cornuta (Marsh.) and Acer spicatum (Lam.) (Pimlott, unpubl. data; Pimlott, 1963; Potvin, 1992)." Grazing/herbivory/browsing Taxus canadensis; Corylus cornuta; Acer spicatum MO Anticosti Island Canada LV July 2017 Odocoileus virginianus "Marie-Victorin, F.É.C., and Rolland-Germain, F.É.C. 1969. Flore de l’Anticosti–Minganie. Presses de l’Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que." Secondary referencing "Tremblay, J. P., Thibault, I., Dussault, C., Huot, J., & Côté, S. D. (2005). Long-term decline in white-tailed deer browse supply: can lichens and litterfall act as alternative food sources that preclude density-dependent feedbacks. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 83(8), 1087-1096." Some preferred or lesstolerant deciduous shrubs and herbaceous plant species that were abundant prior to the introduction of the deer had been either extirpated or greatly reduced in abundance by the mid-1950s (Pimlott 1963; Marie-Victorin and Rolland-Germain 1969). Grazing/herbivory/browsing Vegetation MO Anticosti Island Canada LV July 2017 Odocoileus virginianus "Potvin, F., Poirier, S., 2004. L’?ˆle d’Anticosti, un paradis? L’influence du cerf de Virginie sur la ve´ge´tation des sapinie`res. Le Nat. Can. 128, 52–60." Title/Abstract - - Grazing/herbivory/browsing Vegetation n.a. Anticosti Island Québec LV July 2017 Odocoileus virginianus "PIMLOTT, D.H., 1954. Deer-range conditions on Anticosti Island. Newfoundland Department of Mines and Resources, Rapport interne, 22 p." Secondary referencing "Potvin, F. & Poirier, S. (2004). L'île d'Anticosti, un paradis? L'influence du cerf de Virginie sur la végétation des sapinières. Le naturalist canadien, vol. 128 (1), 52-60." "[Transcript] Les premiers à sonner l'alarme furent des botanistes (Marie-Victorin et Rolland-Germain, 1969; Rousseau, 1950) et des forestiers (Frolich, 1930; Towsend, 1934; Pimlott, 1954, 1963). " Grazing/herbivory/browsing Vegetation n.a. Anticosti Island Québec LV July 2017 Odocoileus virginianus "Lachance, R.A. 1958. Report on deer browsing situation on Anticosti island. Consolidated-Bathurst Ltée. Rap. dact." Secondary referencing "MOORE, Jean-David, POTHIER, David, et POTVIN, François. Expérimentation de coupes de grande superficie pour régénérer le sapin baumier à l'île d'Anticosti en présence de densités élevées de cerf de Virginie. Ministère des ressources naturelles, de la faune et des parcs, Direction de la recherche forestière, 2004." "Le broutement du cerf a souvent été mis en cause pour les problèmes de régénération rencontrés dans certaines forêts mixtes et feuillues du Nord-Est américain (Frontz 1930; Graham 1952; Grisez 1959; Beals 1960; Shafer et al. 1961; Tierson et al. 1966; Jordan 1967; Marquis 1974; Anderson et Loucks 1979; Frelich et Lorimer 1985; Alverson et al. 1988; Tilghman 1989; Trumbull et al. 1989; Waller et al. 1996). Cependant, mis à part certains travaux réalisés à l’île d’Anticosti (Pimlott 1954; Lachance 1958; Pimlott 1963; Potvin et Breton 1992), aucun n’a mentionné cette problématique en forêt boréale." Grazing/herbivory/browsing Vegetation MN Anticosti Island Québec LV July 2017 Odocoileus virginianus "PIMLOTT, D. H. 1954b. The effect of deer-browsing on forest reproduction on Anticosti island. Newfoundland Dep. Mines & Resour., Rap. dact. 13 p." Secondary referencing "Potvin, F., & Société de la faune et des parcs du Québec. Direction de la faune et des habitats. (2000). Le cerf et les sapinières de l'île d'Anticosti. Québec: Direction de la faune et des habitats, Société de la faune et des parcs du Québec." "Le problème a été décrit avec plus d'acuité dans les années 1950 (Pimlott 1954a, b, 1963; Lachance 1958), ce qui a amené la mise sur pied de l'industrie de la chasse." Grazing/herbivory/browsing Vegetation n.a. Anticosti Island Québec LV July 2017 Odocoileus virginianus "CHOUINARD, A. 1995. Effets du broutement par le cerf de Virginie sur la régénération du sapin baumier et de l'épinette blanche à l'île d'Anticosti, Québec. Univ. Laval, Dép. géogr., Mémoire bacc. géogr. 41 p." Secondary referencing "Potvin, F., & Société de la faune et des parcs du Québec. Direction de la faune et des habitats. (2000). Le cerf et les sapinières de l'île d'Anticosti. Québec: Direction de la faune et des habitats, Société de la faune et des parcs du Québec." "Les quelques individus qui dépassent 20 cm de hauteur prennent l'allure de véritables bonsaïs et parviennent rarement à échapper au cerf, même après 30 ans (Chouinard 1995; Chouinard et Filion 1998)." Grazing/herbivory/browsing Vegetation n.a. Anticosti Island Québec LV July 2017 Odocoileus virginianus "CHOUINARD, A., & FILION, L. 1998. Effects of browsing by white-tailed deer on growth forms of young balsam fir on Anticosti Island, Quebec. Univ. Laval, Centre études nordiques." Secondary referencing "Potvin, F., & Société de la faune et des parcs du Québec. Direction de la faune et des habitats. (2000). Le cerf et les sapinières de l'île d'Anticosti. Québec: Direction de la faune et des habitats, Société de la faune et des parcs du Québec." "Les quelques individus qui dépassent 20 cm de hauteur prennent l'allure de véritables bonsaïs et parviennent rarement à échapper au cerf, même après 30 ans (Chouinard 1995; Chouinard et Filion 1998)." Grazing/herbivory/browsing Vegetation n.a. Anticosti Island Québec LV July 2017 Odocoileus virginianus "Boudreau A., Gloaguen G. & Zellhuber J. (2009). Etude préalable à la définition d'indicateurs de suivi de la biodiversité de la forêt, Saint-Pierre et Miquelon. Rapport d'étude, SPM Frag'îles, 31 p." Secondary referencing "Les vertébrés terrestres introduits en outre-mer et leurs impacts. Guide illustré des principales espèces envahissantes. Comité français de l'UICN, ONCFS. France. 100 pages." "[Transcript] Le Cerf de Virginie affecte très sérieusement les peuplements forestiers au point de compromettre à certains endroits la régénération forestière1,2,3,4." Grazing/herbivory/browsing Vegetation n.a. Miquelon France LV July 2017 Odocoileus virginianus Direction de l'agriculture et de la Forêt (2008). Evolution de la forêt boréale de Langlade entre 1952 et 2005. Etude cartographique. Secondary referencing "Les vertébrés terrestres introduits en outre-mer et leurs impacts. Guide illustré des principales espèces envahissantes. Comité français de l'UICN, ONCFS. France. 100 pages." "[Transcript] Entre 1952 et 2005, la réduction du couvert forestier a été estimée à 27% sur l'île de Langlade et à 32% sur l'île de Miquelon5, notamment du fait de l'impact du Cerf de Virginie. " Grazing/herbivory/browsing Vegetation MO Miquelon France LV July 2017 Odocoileus virginianus "Erhardová-Kotrlá, B., 1971. The occurrence of Fascioloides magna (Bassi, 1875) in Czechoslovakia. Publishing House of the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences, Academia, Prague." Secondary referencing "Novobilský, A., Horá?ková, E., Hirtová, L., Modrý, D., & Koudela, B. (2007). The giant liver fluke Fascioloides magna (Bassi 1875) in cervids in the Czech Republic and potential of its spreading to Germany. Parasitology research, 100(3), 549-553." "Erhardová-Kotrlá (1971) reported that F. magna had been introduced to the Czech territory with imported white-tailed deer from Canada at the end of the nineteenth century. According to this author, liquidation of game parks and consequent escapes of white-tailed deer caused the spread of F. magna into the environment." Transmission of disease Cervids n.a. n.a. Czechoslovakia "It is not clear if the alien white-tailed deer has only been the introduction agent of the alien parasite (in which case, this impact should be recorded as an impact of the alien parasite Fascioloides magna), or if a wild population of white-tailed deer is still transmitting the parasite to the native deer populations. " LV July 2017 Odocoileus virginianus André Lartiges de 1997 « Etude de la pression des herbivores sur la flore de Saint Pierre et miquelon » Secondary referencing "Bélanger L., Martin J.L., Michalet J., Said S., Tremblay J.P., 2008. Rapport de mission sur l’état des bois de l’archipel de Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon, présenté au Conseil territorial de Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon, à la Direction de l’Agriculture et de la Forêt et à l’Office National de la Chasse et de la Faune Sauvage." "Au cours de l’été 2008, le travail sur photos aériennes comparant les situations de 1952 et celle de 2005 ont confirmé les propos et conclusions de Lartiges (1997) à savoir un recul de plus de 30% du manteau forestier boréal." Grazing/herbivory/browsing Boreal forest MO Langlade and Miquelon France LV July 2017 Oreamnos americanus "Pfitsch, W. A., Reid, R. S., Harter, J., Pike, D. K., & Bliss, L. C. (1983). Effects of mountain goats on soils, plant communities, and select species in Olympic National Park. Final Report. Seattle, WA: Department of Botany and College of Forest Resources, University of Washington." Secondary referencing "Lemke, T. O. (2004). Origin, expansion, and status of mountain goats in Yellowstone National Park. Wildlife Society Bulletin, 32(2), 532-541." "Despite enjoying a positive reputation, under certain circumstances mountain goats can modify subalpine plant communities and negatively impact endemic plant species (Pfitsch et al. 1983, Pfitsch and Bliss 1985,Schreiner 1994). " Grazing/herbivory/browsing Vegetation n.a. Olympic National Park (Washington) United States LV August 2019 Oreamnos americanus "Reed, D. F. (1986). Alpine habitat selection in sympatric mountain goats and mountain sheep. In Biennial Symposium North American Wild Sheep and Goat Council (Vol. 5, pp. 421-422)." Secondary referencing "Lemke, T. O. (2004). Origin, expansion, and status of mountain goats in Yellowstone National Park. Wildlife Society Bulletin, 32(2), 532-541." "Althoughrecords of direct interactions between the 2 species are scarce, observations of >100 interactions between nonnative mountain goats and native bighorn sheep in Colorado suggest mountain goats are more likely to displace bighorn, but that most interactions are benign (Reed 1986)." Competition Ovis canadensis MC Colorado United States LV August 2019 Oreamnos americanus "Gross, J. E., Kneeland, M. C., Swift, D. M., & Wun-der, B. A. (2000). Scientific assessment of the potential effects of mountain goats on the ecosystems of Rocky Mountain National Park. Final report to the National Park Service, Contract 1443PX15099062. Rocky Mountain National Park, Estes Park, CO." Title/Abstract - - n.a. n.a. n.a. Rocky Mountain National Park United States It seems to be only about potential impacts. LV August 2019 Oreamnos americanus "Swift, D.W., Popolozio, C.A., 2000. Potential impacts of Rocky Mountain goats on the alpine and subalpine ecosystems in Rocky Mountain National Park. In: Gross, J.E., Kneeland, M.C., Swift, D.M., Wunder, B.A. (Eds.), Scienti?c Assessment of the Potential E?ects of Mountain Goats on the Ecosystems of Rocky Mountain National Park. Report to Rocky Mountain National Park, Estes Park, CO, pp. 87–141" Secondary referencing "Gross, J. E. (2001). Evaluating effects of an expanding mountain goat population on native bighorn sheep: a simulation model of competition and disease. Biological Conservation, 101(2), 171-185." "Biologists are particularly concerned about potential impacts of mountain goats on native sheep in RMNP. In Colorado, mountain goats and bighorn sheep use similar habitats (Reed, 1985, personal observation) and exhibit wide overlap in the forages they consume (Laundre, 1994; Swift and Popolozio, 2000). Competition could lead directly to exclusion of bighorn sheep from native range, but the presence of mountain goats may also impact bighorn sheep by the interactions of competition and disease (Hobbs et al., 1990)." Competition Ovis canadensis n.a. Colorado United States It seems to be only about potential impacts. LV August 2019 Oreamnos americanus "Hobbs, N. T., Bailey, J. A., Reed, D. F., & Miller, M. W. (1990). Biological criteria for introductions of large mammals: using simulation models to predict impacts of competition. Transactions of the 55th North American Wildlife & Natural Resources Council, 1990, 620-632." Secondary referencing "Gross, J. E. (2001). Evaluating effects of an expanding mountain goat population on native bighorn sheep: a simulation model of competition and disease. Biological Conservation, 101(2), 171-185." "Biologists are particularly concerned about potential impacts of mountain goats on native sheep in RMNP. In Colorado, mountain goats and bighorn sheep use similar habitats (Reed, 1985, personal observation) and exhibit wide overlap in the forages they consume (Laundre, 1994; Swift and Popolozio, 2000). Competition could lead directly to exclusion of bighorn sheep from native range, but the presence of mountain goats may also impact bighorn sheep by the interactions of competition and disease (Hobbs et al., 1990)." Transmission of disease Ovis canadensis n.a. Colorado United States It seems to be only about potential impacts. LV August 2019 Oreamnos americanus "National Park Service, 1982: Mountain goat ecology and management investigations, Olympic National Park, 1981. Report on file, Olympic National Park, Port Angeles, Washington. 68 pp. " Secondary referencing "Lyman, R. L. (1988). Significance for wildlife management of the late Quaternary biogeography of mountain goats (Oreamnos americanus) in the Pacific Northwest, USA. Arctic and Alpine Research, 20(1), 13-23." "There is presently some concern over management of the mountain goat (Oreamnos americanus) in Olympic National Park of western Washington (Figure 1). This taxon was artificially introduced in the 1920sto what were to become park lands in 1938 (Moorhead and Stevens, 1982). In following years, the population grew from the original dozen to 1100 to 1200 which now occupy some 1800 km2 (Houston et aI., 1986). The occupied area receives relatively less rain and snow than other portions ofthe Park, and perhaps because ofthis, mountain goats have not dispersed from the major mountain complex to which they were originally introduced (Moorhead and Stevens, 1982; National Park Service [NPSJ, 1981). The population is near estimated carrying capacity and over the past decade has seriously impacted plant communities by trampling and grazing (NPS, 1981, 1982, 1983, 1984)." Grazing/herbivory/browsing; Direct physical disturbance Vegetation n.a. Olympic National Park (Washington) United States LV August 2019 Oreamnos americanus "National Park Service, 1983: Mountain goat ecology and management investigations, Olympic National Park, 1982. Report on file, Olympic National Park, Port Angeles, Washington. 65 pp. " Secondary referencing "Lyman, R. L. (1988). Significance for wildlife management of the late Quaternary biogeography of mountain goats (Oreamnos americanus) in the Pacific Northwest, USA. Arctic and Alpine Research, 20(1), 13-23." "There is presently some concern over management of the mountain goat (Oreamnos americanus) in Olympic National Park of western Washington (Figure 1). This taxon was artificially introduced in the 1920sto what were to become park lands in 1938 (Moorhead and Stevens, 1982). In following years, the population grew from the original dozen to 1100 to 1200 which now occupy some 1800 km2 (Houston et aI., 1986). The occupied area receives relatively less rain and snow than other portions ofthe Park, and perhaps because ofthis, mountain goats have not dispersed from the major mountain complex to which they were originally introduced (Moorhead and Stevens, 1982; National Park Service [NPSJ, 1981). The population is near estimated carrying capacity and over the past decade has seriously impacted plant communities by trampling and grazing (NPS, 1981, 1982, 1983, 1984)." Grazing/herbivory/browsing; Direct physical disturbance Vegetation n.a. Olympic National Park (Washington) United States LV August 2019 Oreamnos americanus "National Park Service, 1984: Mountain goat ecology and management investigations, Olympic National Park, 1983. Report on file, Olympic National Park, Port Angeles, Washington. 142pp. " Secondary referencing "Lyman, R. L. (1988). Significance for wildlife management of the late Quaternary biogeography of mountain goats (Oreamnos americanus) in the Pacific Northwest, USA. Arctic and Alpine Research, 20(1), 13-23." "There is presently some concern over management of the mountain goat (Oreamnos americanus) in Olympic National Park of western Washington (Figure 1). This taxon was artificially introduced in the 1920sto what were to become park lands in 1938 (Moorhead and Stevens, 1982). In following years, the population grew from the original dozen to 1100 to 1200 which now occupy some 1800 km2 (Houston et aI., 1986). The occupied area receives relatively less rain and snow than other portions ofthe Park, and perhaps because ofthis, mountain goats have not dispersed from the major mountain complex to which they were originally introduced (Moorhead and Stevens, 1982; National Park Service [NPSJ, 1981). The population is near estimated carrying capacity and over the past decade has seriously impacted plant communities by trampling and grazing (NPS, 1981, 1982, 1983, 1984)." Grazing/herbivory/browsing; Direct physical disturbance Vegetation n.a. Olympic National Park (Washington) United States LV August 2019 Oreamnos americanus "Reid, R. S. (1983). Patterns of juvenile mortality and plant life histories in response to mountain goat disturbance, Olympic National Park (Doctoral dissertation, University of Washington)." Secondary referencing "Hoffman, R. A., & Wright, G. R. (1990). Fertility control in a non-native population of mountain goats." Mountain goats are a negative influence in the high country. They are changing the structure of endemic plant communities by grazing and trampling lPfitsch I98t- Reid l9B3). and increasing erosion around trails and wallows. Grazing/herbivory/browsing; Direct physical disturbance Vegetation n.a. Olympic National Park (Washington) United States LV August 2019 Oreamnos americanus "Pfitsch, W. A. 1981. The effects of mountain goats on the subalpine plant communities of Klahhane Ridge, Olympic National Park, Washington. M.S. thesis, University of Washington, Seattle. 103 pp." Secondary referencing "Hoffman, R. A., & Wright, G. R. (1990). Fertility control in a non-native population of mountain goats." Mountain goats are a negative influence in the high country. They are changing the structure of endemic plant communities by grazing and trampling lPfitsch I98t- Reid l9B3). and increasing erosion around trails and wallows. Grazing/herbivory/browsing; Direct physical disturbance Vegetation n.a. Olympic National Park (Washington) United States LV August 2019 Oreamnos americanus "Varley, N. C. (1994). Summer-fall habitat use and fall diets of mountain goats and bighorn sheep in the Absaroka Range, Montana. In Biennial Symposium of the Northern Wild Sheep and Goat Council (Vol. 9, pp. 131-138)." Secondary referencing "DeVoe, J. D., Garrott, R. A., Rotella, J. J., Challender, S. R., White, P. J., O'Reilly, M., & Butler, C. J. (2015). Summer range occupancy modeling of non?native mountain goats in the greater Yellowstone area. Ecosphere, 6(11), 1-20." "Although agencies’ specific management goals vary, the primary concern of regional biologists is the potential for non-native mountain goats to negatively impact native Rocky Mountain bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis canadensis) through resource competition, behavioral displacement, and/or disease transmission (Pallister 1974, Stewart 1975, Dailey et al. 1984, Varley 1994). " Competition; Transmission of disease Ovis canadensis canadensis n.a. Absaroka Range (Montana) United States It seems to be only about potential impacts. LV August 2019 Oreamnos americanus "Weber, Bill. 2010. “Goats on Mount Evans.” Aquilegia - Newsletter of the Colorado Native Plant Society (Vol. 24 , No. 2, Summer 2010)." Secondary referencing "Jones, A., Hansen, B., & Moyano, M. (2015). IMPACTS OF NON-NATIVE MOUNTAIN GOATS IN INTRODUCTION AREAS OF THE WEST: A REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE." "For example, the Colorado Native Plant Society has been monitoring the impacts of mountain goats since their introduction in the 1990’s on Mt. Evans and have become alarmed by the damage done to the unique moss flora and other tundra species in the area (Weber 2010)." Grazing/herbivory/browsing Vegetation n.a. Mount Evans (Colorado) United States LV August 2019 Oreamnos americanus "Pike, D. K. (1981). Effects of mountain goats on three plant species unique to the Olympic Mountains, Washington (Doctoral dissertation, University of Washington)." Secondary referencing "Kaye, T. N. (1989). Autecology, reproductive ecology, and demography of Astragalus australis var. olympicus (Fabaceae)." "Grazing by goats on Campanula piperi and Senecio neowebsteri, other endemics of the Olympic Mountains, and Aster paucicapitatus, a species found here and also on Vancouver Island, British Columbia, reduces leaf length, flower production, and productivity (Pike 1981). " Grazing/herbivory/browsing Campanula piperi; Aster paucicapitatus; Senecio neowebsteri MN Olympic Mountains (Washington) United States LV August 2019 Oreamnos americanus "Schreiner, E. G., & Woodward, A. (1994). Study documents mountain goat impacts at Olympic National Park. Park Science, 14(2), 23-25." Secondary referencing "Jones, A., Hansen, B., & Moyano, M. (2015). IMPACTS OF NON-NATIVE MOUNTAIN GOATS IN INTRODUCTION AREAS OF THE WEST: A REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE." "One area with non-native mountain goats that has been significantly studied is Olympic National Park, where several studies have documented the impact of introduced mountain goats on alpine communities and rare plants (e.g. Stevens 1979, Pfitsch 1981, Pike 1981, Pfitsch et al. 1983, Reid 1983, Carlquist 1990, Houston et al. 1994, Pfitsch and Bliss 1985, Schreiner and Woodward 1994, Schreiner et al. 1994, NPS 1995, Olympic Park Associates 1995). […] There is general agreement that non-native mountain goats have considerably damaged and/or led to decreases in rare and native plant species by trampling, grazing and wallowing in the Park’s fragile systems (e.g. Schreiner and Woodward 1994, NPS 1995). [...] Schreiner (1994) found in the Park study area that mountain goats have reduced moss and lichen cover, which, which offer crucial stabilization to alpine soils (Robinson 1989)." Grazing/herbivory/browsing; Direct physical disturbance Moss; Lichen MO Olympic National Park (Washington) United States LV August 2019 Oreamnos americanus "Aho, K., and T. Weaver 2003. Classification of Alpine Plant Communities of the Northern Rocky Mountain Volcanics. Report to Yellowstone National Park. YELL-NPS- 5119. 82 pgs." Secondary referencing "Jones, A., Hansen, B., & Moyano, M. (2015). IMPACTS OF NON-NATIVE MOUNTAIN GOATS IN INTRODUCTION AREAS OF THE WEST: A REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE." Other researchers have studied the impacts that introduced mountain goats have also had in Yellowstone National Park. Here they found that ridgetop vegetation cover is lower and barren areas along alpine ridges are more prevalent in areas with relatively high goat use (Aho and Weaver 2003) Grazing/herbivory/browsing Vegetation n.a. Yellowstone National Park (Wyoming) United States LV August 2019 Oreamnos americanus "USDA Forest Service. 2000. Draft conservation agreement for Lomatium erythrocarpum, (on file report). Wallowa-Whitman National Forest" Secondary referencing "Jones, A., Hansen, B., & Moyano, M. (2015). IMPACTS OF NON-NATIVE MOUNTAIN GOATS IN INTRODUCTION AREAS OF THE WEST: A REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE." "And, in Washington, A draft Conservation Agreement for Lomatium erythrocarpum identified impacts from introduced mountain goats and hiking trails as the two main threats to this species (USDA Forest Service 2000)" Grazing/herbivory/browsing Lomatium erythrocarpum n.a. Wallowa-Whitman National Forest (Washington) United States LV August 2019 Oreamnos americanus "Yates, G. 2005. Final report: Lomatium erythrocarpum survey. Prepared by Gen Yates, Forest Service Botanist, Wallowa-Whitman National Forest. Region 4 USFS Files." Secondary referencing "Jones, A., Hansen, B., & Moyano, M. (2015). IMPACTS OF NON-NATIVE MOUNTAIN GOATS IN INTRODUCTION AREAS OF THE WEST: A REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE." "Studies outside of the Olympic National Park (e.g. Yates 2005, in the Elkhorn Mountain of northeast Oregon), describe similar impacts of mountain goat trampling, dust wallows and beds that are locally severe." Direct physical disturbance Vegetation n.a. Elkhorn Mountain (Oregon) United States LV August 2019 Oreamnos americanus Kimbal. J. 1967. Specialist’s report on the Little Cottonwood Canyon mountain goat transplant. USFS Region 4 files. Secondary referencing "Jones, A., Hansen, B., & Moyano, M. (2015). IMPACTS OF NON-NATIVE MOUNTAIN GOATS IN INTRODUCTION AREAS OF THE WEST: A REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE." "Later that same year, Kimbal’s (1967) issued the Forest Service’s first report on the transplant and reported that insufficient harvest of mountain goat populations in winter range was leading to a decline in forage productivity, and erosion in bedding grounds." n.a. Vegetation n.a. Little Cottonwood Canyon United States LV August 2019 Oreamnos americanus "Maxfeld, B.D. 1999. Population size and habitat use of Rocky Mountain goats in the central Wasatch Mountains of Utah. M.S. Thesis, Brigham Young University. Provo, UT." Secondary referencing "Jones, A., Hansen, B., & Moyano, M. (2015). IMPACTS OF NON-NATIVE MOUNTAIN GOATS IN INTRODUCTION AREAS OF THE WEST: A REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE." "Mountain goats were introduced onto Mount Timpanogos in Utah’s Central Wasatch Mountains 1981. Maxfeld (1999) reported that of all the rare plants in his study area on Mount Timpanogos, Lesquerilla garretti was most prone to impacts of mountain goats." Grazing/herbivory/browsing Lesquerilla garretti n.a. Mount Timpanogos (Utah) United States LV August 2019 Oreamnos americanus "Tuhy, J.S. 1991. King aster and Garreett bladderpod on the Uinta and Wasatch Cache National Forests, Utah: Final Report for challenge cost share agreements with the Uinta and Wasatch Cache national Forests. Utah Natural Heritage Program. Salt Lake City, UT." Secondary referencing "Jones, A., Hansen, B., & Moyano, M. (2015). IMPACTS OF NON-NATIVE MOUNTAIN GOATS IN INTRODUCTION AREAS OF THE WEST: A REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE." "Tuhy (1991) who also studied Lesquerilla garretti on Mount Timpanogos, similarly found reductions of Lesquerilla garretti, which Tuhy also attributed to the goats." Grazing/herbivory/browsing Lesquerilla garretti MO Mount Timpanogos (Utah) United States LV August 2019 Oreamnos americanus "Flood, P. 1996. Mountain goats on Timpanogos and Nebo – effects on soil and water. Letter to Wasatch Cache National Forest Supervisor from Paul Flood, Soil Scientist for the Wasatch Cache National Forest. USFS Region 4 files." Secondary referencing "Jones, A., Hansen, B., & Moyano, M. (2015). IMPACTS OF NON-NATIVE MOUNTAIN GOATS IN INTRODUCTION AREAS OF THE WEST: A REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE." "Forest Service biologists conducting monitoring on Mount Timpanogos have also found impacts from the goats, including significant impacts on Mountain Mahogany, and detrimental effects on Lesquerilla populations and erosion exacerbated by goat wallowing and dusting activities (Flood 1996)." Grazing/herbivory/browsing; Direct physical disturbance Lesquerilla garretti; Cercocarpus spp. MO Mount Timpanogos (Utah) United States LV August 2019 Oreamnos americanus "(UDWR) Utah Division of Wildlife Resources. Rocky Mountain Goat Capture and Transplant Proposal. N.p.: n.p., 1996." Secondary referencing "Jones, A., Hansen, B., & Moyano, M. (2015). IMPACTS OF NON-NATIVE MOUNTAIN GOATS IN INTRODUCTION AREAS OF THE WEST: A REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE." "The monitoring report from years 1997, 2001 and 2003 indicated that both transects at this monitoring site showed that in general perennial grass and forb cover were both reduced over this 6 year period, while mountain goat pellet readings increased significantly (at one site from 25 pellet groups to 160, and in the other site from 7 pellet groups to 82) (UDWR 2003). While 1997 indicated most plants in the transects received no or light utilization, by 2003 this had increased to light to moderate utilization (75% of plants on one transect and 22% of the plants on the other) or heavy utilization (9% of the plants on one transect and 44% on the other)." Grazing/herbivory/browsing Vegetation MO Fishlake National Forest (Utah) United States LV August 2019 Oreamnos americanus "Driver, C. H., V. Stevens, and I. Olmsted. 1977. Terrestrial baseline surveys, non-native mountain goats of Olympic National Park. University of Washington, College of Forest Resources, Seattle, Wash. 22 p." Secondary referencing "Carlquist, B. 1990. An effective management plan for the exotic mountain goats in Olympic National Park. Natural Areas Journal 10:12-18." "Studies by Driver et al. (1977, 1978, 1979), Stevens (1979, 1980, 1982, 1983), Bliss et al. (1983), Aho et al. (1982, 1983), and Houston et al. (1984, 1986) showed damage to native plants from goats feeding, bedding, trampling, wallowing, and dust bathing, with resulting soil loss and changes in the natural subalpine community." Grazing/herbivory/browsing; Direct physical disturbance Vegetation n.a. Olympic National Park (Washington) United States LV August 2019 Oreamnos americanus "Driver, C. H., V. Stevens, and D. Pike. 1978. Terrestrial baseline surveys, non-native mountain goats of Olympic National Park. University of Washington, College of Forest Resources, Seattle, Wash." Secondary referencing "Carlquist, B. 1990. An effective management plan for the exotic mountain goats in Olympic National Park. Natural Areas Journal 10:12-18." "Studies by Driver et al. (1977, 1978, 1979), Stevens (1979, 1980, 1982, 1983), Bliss et al. (1983), Aho et al. (1982, 1983), and Houston et al. (1984, 1986) showed damage to native plants from goats feeding, bedding, trampling, wallowing, and dust bathing, with resulting soil loss and changes in the natural subalpine community." Grazing/herbivory/browsing; Direct physical disturbance Vegetation n.a. Olympic National Park (Washington) United States LV August 2019 Oreamnos americanus "Driver, C. H., R. Taber, and B. Stevens. 1979. Terrestrial baseline surveys, non-native mountain goats of Olympic National Park. University of Washington, College of Forest Resources, Seattle, Wash." Secondary referencing "Carlquist, B. 1990. An effective management plan for the exotic mountain goats in Olympic National Park. Natural Areas Journal 10:12-18." "Studies by Driver et al. (1977, 1978, 1979), Stevens (1979, 1980, 1982, 1983), Bliss et al. (1983), Aho et al. (1982, 1983), and Houston et al. (1984, 1986) showed damage to native plants from goats feeding, bedding, trampling, wallowing, and dust bathing, with resulting soil loss and changes in the natural subalpine community." Grazing/herbivory/browsing; Direct physical disturbance Vegetation n.a. Olympic National Park (Washington) United States LV August 2019 Oryx gazella "Burkett, D.W., Valdez, R., Thompson, B.C., Boykin, K.G., 2002. Gemsbok: the management challenge of an exotic ungulate in the American Southwest. In: Ebedes, H., Reilly, B., van Hoven, W., Penzhorn, B. (Eds.), Sustainable Utilization Conservation in Practice. Proceedings of the Fifth Wildlife Ranching Symposium. South African Game Rancher’s Organization, Pretoria, South Africa, pp. 166–171." Secondary referencing "Bender, L.C., Li, H., Thompson, B.C., Morrow, P.C., Valdez, R., 2003. Infectious disease survey of gemsbok in New Mexico. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 39 (4), 772–778." "Concurrent with expansion of gemsbok was a decline in native ungulates, particularly desert mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus crooki) and the state-designated endangered desert bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis mexicana) (Burkett et al., 2002). " n.a. Ovis canadensis mexicana; Odocoileus hemionus crooki MO White Sands National Monument United States LV January 2018 Oryx gazella "Saiz, R. B. (1975). Ecology and Behavior of the Gemsbok on White Sands Missile Range. New Mexico Department of Game and Fish, Federal Aid Project W-lll-R-8, 4-5." Secondary referencing "Smith, C., Valdez, R., Holechek, J. L., Zwank, P. J., & Cardenas, M. (1998). Diets of native and non-native ungulates in southcentral New Mexico. The Southwestern Naturalist, 163-169." "Using fecal analysis and direct observation, Saiz (1975) found that gemsbok diets on WSMR contained almost equal proportions of forbs, browse, and grasses. Large amounts of buffalo gourd (Cucurbita foetidissima) were observed being eaten by gemsbock, but little appeared in fecal analysis (Saiz, 1975; Reid and Patrick, 1983). " Grazing/herbivory/browsing Forbs; Browse; Grasses; Cucurbita foetidissima MN White Sands National Monument (New Mexico) United States LV July 2019 Oryx gazella "Dye, J., 1998. Gemsbok and Mule Deer Diets in Southern New Mexico. M.S. thesis, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico." Secondary referencing "Hoenes, B. D., & Bender, L. C. (2010). Relative habitat-and browse-use of native desert mule deer and exotic oryx in the greater San Andres Mountains, New Mexico. Human–Wildlife Interactions, 4(1), 4." Dye (1998) felt that there was minimal poten-tial for exploitative competition between mule deer and oryx because of litt le dietary overlap between the 2 species. Competition Odocoileus hemionus crooki MC New Mexico United States LV July 2019 Ovis aries "Hochberg, M. S.; Junak, S. and Philbrick, R. (1980): Botanical study of Santa Cruz Island for the Nature Conservancy. Santa Barbara Botanic Garden, Santa Barbara, California. " Secondary referencing "Klinger RC., Schuyler, P., & Sterner, J. D. (2002). The response of herbaceous vegetation and endemic plant species to the removal of feral sheep from Santa Cruz Island, California. In Turning the Tide: The Eradication of Invasive Species: Proceedings of the International Conference on Eradication of Island Invasives (No. 27, p. 141). IUCN." "This resulted in an increase in bare ground and subsequently higher erosion rates, decreased herbaceous vegetation, reduction and modification of shrub communities, and a decrease in abundance and diversity of birds (Brumbaugh 1980; Hobbs 1980; Hochberg et al. 1980; Minnich 1980; Van Vuren 1981). " Grazing/herbivory/browsing n.a. MO "Santa Cruz Island, California" United States LS January 2018 Ovis aries "Hochberg, M. S.; Junak, S. and Philbrick, R. (1980): Botanical study of Santa Cruz Island for the Nature Conservancy. Santa Barbara Botanic Garden, Santa Barbara, California. " Secondary referencing "Klinger RC., Schuyler, P., & Sterner, J. D. (2002). The response of herbaceous vegetation and endemic plant species to the removal of feral sheep from Santa Cruz Island, California. In Turning the Tide: The Eradication of Invasive Species: Proceedings of the International Conference on Eradication of Island Invasives (No. 27, p. 141). IUCN." "This resulted in an increase in bare ground and subsequently higher erosion rates, decreased herbaceous vegetation, reduction and modification of shrub communities, and a decrease in abundance and diversity of birds (Brumbaugh 1980; Hobbs 1980; Hochberg et al. 1980; Minnich 1980; Van Vuren 1981). " "Chemical, physical, or structural impact on ecosystems" n.a. MO "Santa Cruz Island, California" United States LS January 2018 Ovis aries "Minnich, R. A. (1980). Vegetation of Santa Cruz and Santa Catalina Islands. In Power, D. M. (ed.). The California Islands: proceedings of a multidisciplinary symposium, pp. 123-138. Santa Barbara Museum Of Natural History, Santa Barbara, California." Secondary referencing "Klinger RC., Schuyler, P., & Sterner, J. D. (2002). The response of herbaceous vegetation and endemic plant species to the removal of feral sheep from Santa Cruz Island, California. In Turning the Tide: The Eradication of Invasive Species: Proceedings of the International Conference on Eradication of Island Invasives (No. 27, p. 141). IUCN." "This resulted in an increase in bare ground and subsequently higher erosion rates, decreased herbaceous vegetation, reduction and modification of shrub communities, and a decrease in abundance and diversity of birds (Brumbaugh 1980; Hobbs 1980; Hochberg et al. 1980; Minnich 1980; Van Vuren 1981). " Grazing/herbivory/browsing n.a. MO "Santa Cruz Island, California" United States LS January 2018 Ovis aries "Minnich, R. A. (1980). Vegetation of Santa Cruz and Santa Catalina Islands. In Power, D. M. (ed.). The California Islands: proceedings of a multidisciplinary symposium, pp. 123-138. Santa Barbara Museum Of Natural History, Santa Barbara, California." Secondary referencing "Klinger RC., Schuyler, P., & Sterner, J. D. (2002). The response of herbaceous vegetation and endemic plant species to the removal of feral sheep from Santa Cruz Island, California. In Turning the Tide: The Eradication of Invasive Species: Proceedings of the International Conference on Eradication of Island Invasives (No. 27, p. 141). IUCN." "This resulted in an increase in bare ground and subsequently higher erosion rates, decreased herbaceous vegetation, reduction and modification of shrub communities, and a decrease in abundance and diversity of birds (Brumbaugh 1980; Hobbs 1980; Hochberg et al. 1980; Minnich 1980; Van Vuren 1981). " "Chemical, physical, or structural impact on ecosystems" n.a. MO "Santa Cruz Island, California" United States LS January 2018 Ovis aries "Wehtje, W. (1994). Response of a Bishop pine (Pinus muricata) population to removal of feral sheep on Santa Cruz Island, California. In The fourth California Islands symposium: Update on the status of resources (pp. 331-340). Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History." Secondary referencing "Van Vuren, D. H. (2015). Shrub regeneration after removal of feral sheep from Santa Cruz Island, California. California fish and game, 100(3), 396-403." "However, aside from a study of regeneration in the Bishop pine forest shortly after sheep removal (Wehtje 1994), responses by individual shrub species to the cessation of grazing remain unknown." Grazing/herbivory/browsing Pinus muricata n.a. "Santa Cruz Island, California" United States LS January 2018 Ovis aries "Banko et al., 2009. P.C. Banko, K.W. Brinck, C. Farmer, S.C. Hess Palila in T.K. Pratt, C.T. Atkinson, P.C. Banko, J.D. Jacobi, B.L. Woodworth (Eds.), Conservation Biology of Hawaiian Forest Birds: Implications for Island Avifauna, Yale University Press, New Haven (2009), pp. 513-529" Secondary referencing "Banko, P. C., Camp, R. J., Farmer, C., Brinck, K. W., Leonard, D. L., & Stephens, R. M. (2013). Response of palila and other subalpine Hawaiian forest bird species to prolonged drought and habitat degradation by feral ungulates. Biological Conservation, 157, 70-77." "Habitat degradation by introduced ungulates had broadly affected Hawaiian bird communities (Banko and Banko, 2009; Pratt and Jacobi, 2009; Scott et al., 1986) and has been the most important factor driving the palila's historical range contraction and population decline (Banko et al., 2009). Since the early 1800s, cattle (Bos taurus), goats (Capra hircus), and sheep (Ovis aries and, more recently, mouflon [O. gmelini musimon] and their hybrids) have roamed widely through the palila's range, killing or damaging trees and shrubs, removing seedlings, and exacerbating erosion (Hartt and Neal, 1940; Hess and Banko, 2011; Warner, 1960). " "Chemical, physical, or structural impact on ecosystems" Loxioides bailleui MO Hawaii Islands United States LV October 2019 Ovis aries "Banko and Banko, 2009. P.C. Banko, W.E. Banko. Evolution and ecology of food exploitation in T.K. Pratt, C.T. Atkinson, P.C. Banko, J.D. Jacobi, B.L. Woodworth (Eds.), Conservation Biology of Hawaiian Forest Birds: Implications for Island Avifauna, Yale University Press, New Haven (2009), pp. 159-193" Secondary referencing "Banko, P. C., Camp, R. J., Farmer, C., Brinck, K. W., Leonard, D. L., & Stephens, R. M. (2013). Response of palila and other subalpine Hawaiian forest bird species to prolonged drought and habitat degradation by feral ungulates. Biological Conservation, 157, 70-77." "Habitat degradation by introduced ungulates had broadly affected Hawaiian bird communities (Banko and Banko, 2009; Pratt and Jacobi, 2009; Scott et al., 1986) and has been the most important factor driving the palila's historical range contraction and population decline (Banko et al., 2009). Since the early 1800s, cattle (Bos taurus), goats (Capra hircus), and sheep (Ovis aries and, more recently, mouflon [O. gmelini musimon] and their hybrids) have roamed widely through the palila's range, killing or damaging trees and shrubs, removing seedlings, and exacerbating erosion (Hartt and Neal, 1940; Hess and Banko, 2011; Warner, 1960). " "Chemical, physical, or structural impact on ecosystems" Bird communities n.a. Hawaii Islands United States LV October 2019 Ovis aries "Pratt and Jacobi, 2009. L.W. Pratt, J.D. Jacobi Loss, degradation, and persistence of habitats in T.K. Pratt, C.T. Atkinson, P.C. Banko, J.D. Jacobi, B.L. Woodworth (Eds.), Conservation Biology of Hawaiian Forest Birds: Implications for Island Avifauna, Yale University Press, New Haven (2009), pp. 137-158" Secondary referencing "Banko, P. C., Camp, R. J., Farmer, C., Brinck, K. W., Leonard, D. L., & Stephens, R. M. (2013). Response of palila and other subalpine Hawaiian forest bird species to prolonged drought and habitat degradation by feral ungulates. Biological Conservation, 157, 70-77." "Habitat degradation by introduced ungulates had broadly affected Hawaiian bird communities (Banko and Banko, 2009; Pratt and Jacobi, 2009; Scott et al., 1986) and has been the most important factor driving the palila's historical range contraction and population decline (Banko et al., 2009). Since the early 1800s, cattle (Bos taurus), goats (Capra hircus), and sheep (Ovis aries and, more recently, mouflon [O. gmelini musimon] and their hybrids) have roamed widely through the palila's range, killing or damaging trees and shrubs, removing seedlings, and exacerbating erosion (Hartt and Neal, 1940; Hess and Banko, 2011; Warner, 1960). " "Chemical, physical, or structural impact on ecosystems" Bird communities n.a. Hawaii Islands United States LV October 2019 Ovis aries "Hess, S. C., & Banko, P. C. (2011). Sheep vs. palila on Mauna Kea: After 200 years of damage, can these native birds recover?. The Wildlife Professional, 5(3), 60-63." Secondary referencing "Banko, P. C., Camp, R. J., Farmer, C., Brinck, K. W., Leonard, D. L., & Stephens, R. M. (2013). Response of palila and other subalpine Hawaiian forest bird species to prolonged drought and habitat degradation by feral ungulates. Biological Conservation, 157, 70-77." "Habitat degradation by introduced ungulates had broadly affected Hawaiian bird communities (Banko and Banko, 2009; Pratt and Jacobi, 2009; Scott et al., 1986) and has been the most important factor driving the palila's historical range contraction and population decline (Banko et al., 2009). Since the early 1800s, cattle (Bos taurus), goats (Capra hircus), and sheep (Ovis aries and, more recently, mouflon [O. gmelini musimon] and their hybrids) have roamed widely through the palila's range, killing or damaging trees and shrubs, removing seedlings, and exacerbating erosion (Hartt and Neal, 1940; Hess and Banko, 2011; Warner, 1960). " Grazing/herbivory/browsing; Direct physical disturbance Trees and shrubs n.a. Hawaii Islands United States LV October 2019 Ovis aries "Warner, R. E. (1960). A forest dies on Mauna Kea. Pacific Discovery, 13(2), 6-14." Secondary referencing "Banko, P. C., Camp, R. J., Farmer, C., Brinck, K. W., Leonard, D. L., & Stephens, R. M. (2013). Response of palila and other subalpine Hawaiian forest bird species to prolonged drought and habitat degradation by feral ungulates. Biological Conservation, 157, 70-77." "Habitat degradation by introduced ungulates had broadly affected Hawaiian bird communities (Banko and Banko, 2009; Pratt and Jacobi, 2009; Scott et al., 1986) and has been the most important factor driving the palila's historical range contraction and population decline (Banko et al., 2009). Since the early 1800s, cattle (Bos taurus), goats (Capra hircus), and sheep (Ovis aries and, more recently, mouflon [O. gmelini musimon] and their hybrids) have roamed widely through the palila's range, killing or damaging trees and shrubs, removing seedlings, and exacerbating erosion (Hartt and Neal, 1940; Hess and Banko, 2011; Warner, 1960). " Grazing/herbivory/browsing; Direct physical disturbance Trees and shrubs n.a. Hawaii Islands United States LV October 2019 Ovis orientalis "Giffin, J. G. (1979). Ecology of the mouflon sheep on Mauna Kea. Pittman-Robertson project No (pp. 1975-1979). W-17-R, Study no." Secondary referencing "Nogales, M., RODRÍGUEZ?LUENGO, J. L., & Marrero, P. (2006). Ecological effects and distribution of invasive non?native mammals on the Canary Islands. Mammal Review, 36(1), 49-65." "Ovis gmelinihas also been introduced in several archipelagos such as Hawaii or Kerguelen.The ecological effects of this species follow the same harmful pattern on Tenerife as onMauna Kea Volcano (Hawaii), also a zone rich in endemic plants, where the feeding andherding habits of feral sheep and mouflons have had a remarkable ecological effect on itsparticular flora (Giffin, 1979; Beldfield & Pratt, 2002)" Grazing/herbivory/browsing Vegetation n.a. Mauna Kea (Hawaii Islands) United States LV October 2019 Ovis orientalis "Durbán, M. (2003). La gestión de los herbívoros alóctonos en el Parque Nacional del Teide. Control de vertebrados invasores en islas de España y Portugal, 60-72." Secondary referencing "Nogales, M., RODRÍGUEZ?LUENGO, J. L., & Marrero, P. (2006). Ecological effects and distribution of invasive non?native mammals on the Canary Islands. Mammal Review, 36(1), 49-65." "Park managers also reported a negative impact on the populations of the following threat-ened endemic species: Stemmacantha cynaroides(Compositae), Silene nocteolens(Caryophyl-laceae), Helianthemum juliae(Cistaceae) and Cerastium sventenii(Caryophyllaceae) (Durbán,2003). " Grazing/herbivory/browsing Stemmacantha cynaroides; Silene nocteolens; Helianthemum juliae; Cerastium sventenii n.a. Tenerife Island (Canary Islands) Spain LV October 2019 Ovis orientalis "Carqué, E., Durbán, M., Marrero, M. & Bañares, A. (2003) Influencia de los herbívoros introducidos en lasupervivencia de Stemmacantha cynaroides(Asteraceae); una especie amenazada de las Islas Canarias. In:Control de Vertebrados Invasores en Islas de España y Portugal(Ed. by J.L. Rodríguez-Luengo), pp. 125–134. Consejería de Medio Ambiente y Ordenación Territorial del Gobierno de Canarias, Santa Cruz deTenerife, Spain." Secondary referencing "Nogales, M., RODRÍGUEZ?LUENGO, J. L., & Marrero, P. (2006). Ecological effects and distribution of invasive non?native mammals on the Canary Islands. Mammal Review, 36(1), 49-65." "Stemmacantha cynaroideshas been classified as ‘critically endangered’ in the ‘Atlasand Red List of the Threatened Vascular Flora of Spain’ (Marrero, Carqué & Bañares, 2003)and as ‘endangered’ in the Spanish National Catalogue of Endangered Species; its populationdeclining dramatically in recent years as a result of depredation by introduced herbivores(mouflons and rabbits) (Carqué et al., 2003) to fewer than 170 individuals growing exclusivelyin this National Park." Grazing/herbivory/browsing Stemmacantha cynaroides MO Canary Islands Spain LV October 2019 Ovis orientalis "Rodríguez Luengo, J.L. (1993) El muflón Ovis ammon musimon(Pallas, 1811) en Tenerife: aspectos de subiología y ecología. PhD Thesis. Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, Spain" Secondary referencing "Nogales, M., RODRÍGUEZ?LUENGO, J. L., & Marrero, P. (2006). Ecological effects and distribution of invasive non?native mammals on the Canary Islands. Mammal Review, 36(1), 49-65." "The studies carried out of the mouflon’s diet, performed by analysing gut content andfaeces, showed that it includes 38 plant taxa: 33 phanerogamous and five cryptogamous. Themost widely consumed plants, in order of importance, were Spartocytisus supranubius(Fabaceae), Descurainia bourgeauana(Brassicaceae), Pterocephalus lasiospermus(Dipsa-caceae) when feeding on the high mountain shrub; and Carlina xeranthemoides(Compositae),Pinus canariensis(Pinaceae) and Chamaecytisus proliferus(Fabaceae) when feeding in thepine forest (Rodríguez Luengo, 1993). Of a total of 28 species of vascular plants identified,14 were Canarian endemisms and 12 of them were exclusive to Tenerife. Moreover, themouflon may have a negative effect on another 35 endemic and threatened plant speciespresent in its distribution area (Rodríguez Luengo, 1993). For more detailed information seestudies by Rodríguez, Rodríguez & Ramos (1988), Rodríguez Luengo, González Mancebo &Rodríguez Piñero (1990) and Alfayate & Rodríguez-Luengo, 1991)." Grazing/herbivory/browsing 35 endemic and threatened plant species n.a. Tenerife Island (Canary Islands) Spain "(If only gut content/faeces analyses, and no direct observation of impact, the study should be classified as Non-relevant)" LV October 2019 Ovis orientalis "Rodríguez Luengo, J.L., González Mancebo, J.M. & Rodríguez Piñero, J.C. (1990) Criptógamas en la dietade los bóvidos silvestres de Canarias. Vieraea, 18, 37–40." Secondary referencing "Nogales, M., RODRÍGUEZ?LUENGO, J. L., & Marrero, P. (2006). Ecological effects and distribution of invasive non?native mammals on the Canary Islands. Mammal Review, 36(1), 49-65." "The studies carried out of the mouflon’s diet, performed by analysing gut content andfaeces, showed that it includes 38 plant taxa: 33 phanerogamous and five cryptogamous. Themost widely consumed plants, in order of importance, were Spartocytisus supranubius(Fabaceae), Descurainia bourgeauana(Brassicaceae), Pterocephalus lasiospermus(Dipsa-caceae) when feeding on the high mountain shrub; and Carlina xeranthemoides(Compositae),Pinus canariensis(Pinaceae) and Chamaecytisus proliferus(Fabaceae) when feeding in thepine forest (Rodríguez Luengo, 1993). Of a total of 28 species of vascular plants identified,14 were Canarian endemisms and 12 of them were exclusive to Tenerife. Moreover, themouflon may have a negative effect on another 35 endemic and threatened plant speciespresent in its distribution area (Rodríguez Luengo, 1993). For more detailed information seestudies by Rodríguez, Rodríguez & Ramos (1988), Rodríguez Luengo, González Mancebo &Rodríguez Piñero (1990) and Alfayate & Rodríguez-Luengo, 1991)." Grazing/herbivory/browsing n.a. n.a. Canary Islands Spain "(If only gut content/faeces analyses, and no direct observation of impact, the study should be classified as Non-relevant)" LV October 2019 Ovis orientalis "Acevedo-Rodríguez, A. U. R. E. L. I. O., & Medina, F. M. (2010). Sobre la presencia del muflón (Ovis orientalis Gmelin, 1774) en la isla de La Palma (Archipiélago Canario). Galemys, 22(2), 58-62." Title/Abstract - - n.a. n.a. n.a. La Palma Island (Canary Islands) Spain LV October 2019 Ovis orientalis "Banares-Baudet, A. (Ed.). (2003). Atlas y libro rojo de la flora vascular amenazada de España: taxones prioritarios. Min. del Medio Ambiente." Secondary referencing "Garzón-Machado, V., del-Arco-Aguilar, M. J., & Pérez-de-Paz, P. L. (2012). Threat or threatened species? A paradox in conservation biology. Journal for nature conservation, 20(4), 228-230." "In the Canary Islands, where almost 40% of the native flora is endemic (Acebes et al. 2010), goats (Capra hircus L.) and European rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus L.) have disturbed the vegetation for hundreds of years. The more recent arrival of Barbary sheep (Ammotragus lervia Pallas) and mouflon (Ovis orientalis Gmelin), has become a serious additional problem (Bañares et al. 2003; Garzón-Machado et al. 2010; Marrero-Gómez et al. 2003). " n.a. n.a. n.a. Canary Islands Spain LV October 2019 Ovis orientalis "Rodr?guez Luengo, J. L., & Pinero, J. C. (1991). Autumn diet of the Corsica mouflon Ovis ammon musimon Shreber 1782 on Tenerife, Canary Islands. In Trans. 18th IUGB (International Union of Game Biologists) Congress. Swiat Press, Krakow, Poland (pp. 137-140)." Secondary referencing "Alliance, H. C. (2007). Controlling wild sheep and deer on conservation lands in Hawaii. Position paper. Available to the public on the HCA website: http://hawaiiconservation. org." "European mouflon from Corsica have been introduced widely throughout the world, including many parts of Europe, the Canary Islands, North America, the subantarctic Kerguelen Archipelago, and Hawai‘i4, 5, 6, 7 as game animals. On islands previously lacking ungulates, mouflon populations have grown rapidly, severely damaging endemic plants through trampling and browsing5, 6. " Grazing/herbivory/browsing; Direct physical disturbance n.a. n.a. Tenerife (Canary Islands) Spain LV October 2019 Ovis orientalis "Slade, R. (2005). Removal of mouflon sheep from Amistad National Recreation Area. The High Bridge Tribune, 3(7)." Secondary referencing "Hess, S. C., Van Vuren, D. H., & Witmer, G. W. (2017). 14 Feral Goats and Sheep. Ecology and Management of Terrestrial Vertebrate Invasive Species in the United States." "One of the few continental areas in the United States where free-ranging sheep have become problematic is Amistad National Recreation Area, Texas (Slade 2005). A single breeding pair of European mouflon entered the park from a neighboring ranch during the mid-1970s and proliferated over the next 20 years, reaching over 400 individuals by the mid-1990s. Population growth then further accelerated, reaching more than 2000 individuals by 2005, competing for forage with native white-tail deer (Odocoileus virginianus), and damaging fragile soils. More than 1300 sheep were removed using net guns from helicopters, which reversed ecological degradation (Slade 2005). Other locations in the United States where European mouflon have been introduced and continue to roam freely include: North Haven Island, Maine; Speiden Island, Washington; California; Texas; and New Mexico." Competition Odocoileus virginianus n.a. (Amistad National Recreation Area) Texas United States LV October 2019 Ovis orientalis "Giffin, J. G. (1981). Ecology of the mouflon sheep on Mauna Kea. State of Hawaii, Department of Land and Natural Resources, Division of Forestry and Wildlife." Title/Abstract - "The final report on mouflon sheep (Ovis musimon) investigations conducted on Mauna Kea from July, 1975 through October, 1979 by Jon G. Giffin, Division of Forestry and Wildlife, Department of Land and Natural Resources, includes information on the mouflon's history, food habits, effects on the habitat, reproductive cycle, distribution, movement and herding characteristics. The study area is situated on the southeastern slopes of Mauna Kea between the 6,600 and 10,400 feet elevation and roughly bounded on the north by Nauhi gulch, on the east and south by the Keanakolu Road and on the west by the summit highway. Range studies show the effects of grazing and browsing on the environment. The plant species most affected by the sheep were the mamane, which is the prime component of the mouflon range, pukiawe, ohelo (Vaccinium sp.) and native grasses, especially the Trisetum glomeratum." Grazing/herbivory/browsing Sophora chrysophylla; Vaccinium sp.; Trisetum glomeratum n.a. Mauna Kea (Hawaii Islands) United States LV October 2019 Ovis orientalis "Rodríguez-Luengo, J. L., González-Mancebo, J. M., & Rodríguez-Piñero, J. C. (1990). Criptógamas en la dieta de los bóvidos silvestres de Canarias. Vieraea, 18, 37-40." Secondary referencing "Nogales, M., RODRÍGUEZ?LUENGO, J. L., & Marrero, P. (2006). Ecological effects and distribution of invasive non?native mammals on the Canary Islands. Mammal Review, 36(1), 49-65." "The studies carried out of the mouflon’s diet, performed by analysing gut content andfaeces, showed that it includes 38 plant taxa: 33 phanerogamous and five cryptogamous. Themost widely consumed plants, in order of importance, were Spartocytisus supranubius(Fabaceae), Descurainia bourgeauana(Brassicaceae), Pterocephalus lasiospermus(Dipsa-caceae) when feeding on the high mountain shrub; and Carlina xeranthemoides(Compositae),Pinus canariensis(Pinaceae) and Chamaecytisus proliferus(Fabaceae) when feeding in thepine forest (Rodríguez Luengo, 1993). Of a total of 28 species of vascular plants identified,14 were Canarian endemisms and 12 of them were exclusive to Tenerife. Moreover, themouflon may have a negative effect on another 35 endemic and threatened plant speciespresent in its distribution area (Rodríguez Luengo, 1993). For more detailed information seestudies by Rodríguez, Rodríguez & Ramos (1988), Rodríguez Luengo, González Mancebo &Rodríguez Piñero (1990) and Alfayate & Rodríguez-Luengo, 1991)." Grazing/herbivory/browsing n.a. n.a. Canary Islands Spain "(If ony gut content/faeces analyses, and no direct observation of impact, the study should be classified as Non-relevant)" LV October 2019 Ovis orientalis "Rodríguez-Luengo JL, 2008. Ovis orientalis Linnaeus, 1758, Muflón, Mouflon (Ovis orientalis Linnaeus, 1758, Mouflon). Canary Islands, Spain: Gobierno de Canaria, 9 pp. http://www.interreg-bionatura.com/especies/pdf/Ovis orientalis.pdf" Secondary referencing "https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/71353, accessed on the 23.10.2019" "The species has serious adverse effects on biodiversity in those islands where it has been introduced (e.g. Hawaii, the Canary Islands and the Kerguelen Islands), due to its negative impact on native flora (Rodríguez-Luengo, 2008; Hess and Jacobi, 2011; Ikagawa, 2013). Species affected are listed in the Threatened Species table. [see Table Threatened Species]" Grazing/herbivory/browsing Echium auberianum; Erigeron calderae; Helianthemum juliae; Lotus berthelotii n.a. Canary Islands Spain "(If ony gut content/faeces analyses, and no direct observation of impact, the study should be classified as Non-relevant)" LV October 2019 Ovis orientalis SFWS Rare Taxon Database 2015 Secondary referencing "US Fish and Wildlife Service, 2015. Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Endangered Status for 49 Species From the Hawaiian Islands; Proposed Rule. Federal Register, 80(189):58820-58909." "Feral goats, mouflon, and sheep modify and destroy the habitat of Exocarpos menziesii on Hawaii Island, with evidence of the activities of these animals reported in the areas where this species occurs (USFWS Rare Taxon Database 2015, in litt.)." "Chemical, physical, or structural impact on ecosystems" Exocarpos menziesii n.a. Island of Hawai'i (Hawaii Islands) United States List of references not openly provided LV October 2019 Ovis orientalis "HBMP. 2010. Hawaiian species database. GIS shapefiles and database, unpublished. " Secondary referencing "US Fish and Wildlife Service, 2015. Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Endangered Status for 49 Species From the Hawaiian Islands; Proposed Rule. Federal Register, 80(189):58820-58909." "Feral pigs (Oahu, Maui, Kauai), goats (Maui, Kauai), mouflon and sheep (Lanai), axis deer (Lanai, Maui), and black-tailed deer (Kauai) modify and destroy habitat of Nothocestrum latifolium (HBMP 2010). […] Axis deer (Maui and Lanai), mouflon, sheep, and goats (Lanai), and cattle (Hawaii Island) modify and destroy the habitat of Portulaca villosa (HBMP 2010). [...] Feral pigs, mouflon, and cattle modify and destroy the habitat of Ranunculus hawaiensis on Hawaii Island, with evidence of the activities of these animals reported in the areas where R. hawaiensis occurs (HBMP 2010). [...] Feral pigs, mouflon, and cattle modify and destroy the habitat of Sicyos macrophyllus on the island of Hawaii, with evidence of the activities of these animals reported in the areas where this species occurs (HBMP 2010). " "Chemical, physical, or structural impact on ecosystems" Nothocestrum latifolium; Portulaca villosa; Ranunculus hawaiensis; Sicyos macrophyllus n.a. Island of Hawai'i (Hawaii Islands) United States LV October 2019 Ovis orientalis PEPP. 2014 Plant Extinction Prevention Program Annual Report Fiscal Year 2014 Secondary referencing "US Fish and Wildlife Service, 2015. Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Endangered Status for 49 Species From the Hawaiian Islands; Proposed Rule. Federal Register, 80(189):58820-58909." "Feral pigs, sheep, mouflon, and cattle on Hawaii Island modify and destroy the habitat of Phyllostegia brevidens, and feral pigs modify and destroy habitat on Maui (PEPP 2014, p. 136)." "Chemical, physical, or structural impact on ecosystems" Phyllostegia brevidens n.a. Island of Hawai'i (Hawaii Islands) United States List of references not openly provided LV October 2019 Ovis orientalis "US Fish and Wildlife Service, 2009. Endangered and threatened wildlife and plants; initiation of 5-year reviews of 103 species in Hawaii. Federal Register, 74(49). Honolulu, Hawaii, USA 11130-11133." Secondary referencing "https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/71353, accessed on the 23.10.2019" "The species has serious adverse effects on biodiversity in those islands where it has been introduced (e.g. Hawaii, the Canary Islands and the Kerguelen Islands), due to its negative impact on native flora (Rodríguez-Luengo, 2008; Hess and Jacobi, 2011; Ikagawa, 2013). Species affected are listed in the Threatened Species table. [see Table Threatened Species]" Grazing/herbivory/browsing Santalum haleakalae var. lanaiense n.a. Lanai'i (Hawaii Islands) United States LV October 2019 Ovis orientalis "Oppenheimer 2015, in litt." Secondary referencing "US Fish and Wildlife Service, 2016. Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Endangered Status for 49 Species From the Hawaiian Islands; Final Rule. Federal Register, 81(190):67786-67860." "Feral pigs (Oahu, Maui, Kauai), goats (Maui, Kauai), mouflon (Lanai), feral cattle (Maui), axis deer (Lanai, Maui), and black-tailed deer (Kauai) modify and destroy habitat of Nothocestrum latifolium (HBMP 2010; Oppenheimer 2015, in litt.). […] Axis deer (Maui and Lanai), goats (Maui), mouflon (Lanai), and cattle (Hawaii Island) modify and destroy the habitat of Portulaca villosa (HBMP 2010; Oppenheimer 2015, in litt.)" "Chemical, physical, or structural impact on ecosystems" Nothocestrum latifolium; Portulaca villosa n.a. Lanai'i (Hawaii Islands) United States List of references not openly provided LV October 2019 Ovis orientalis "Banko et al., 2009. P.C. Banko, K.W. Brinck, C. Farmer, S.C. Hess Palila in T.K. Pratt, C.T. Atkinson, P.C. Banko, J.D. Jacobi, B.L. Woodworth (Eds.), Conservation Biology of Hawaiian Forest Birds: Implications for Island Avifauna, Yale University Press, New Haven (2009), pp. 513-529" Secondary referencing "Banko, P. C., Camp, R. J., Farmer, C., Brinck, K. W., Leonard, D. L., & Stephens, R. M. (2013). Response of palila and other subalpine Hawaiian forest bird species to prolonged drought and habitat degradation by feral ungulates. Biological Conservation, 157, 70-77." "Habitat degradation by introduced ungulates had broadly affected Hawaiian bird communities (Banko and Banko, 2009; Pratt and Jacobi, 2009; Scott et al., 1986) and has been the most important factor driving the palila's historical range contraction and population decline (Banko et al., 2009). Since the early 1800s, cattle (Bos taurus), goats (Capra hircus), and sheep (Ovis aries and, more recently, mouflon [O. gmelini musimon] and their hybrids) have roamed widely through the palila's range, killing or damaging trees and shrubs, removing seedlings, and exacerbating erosion (Hartt and Neal, 1940; Hess and Banko, 2011; Warner, 1960). " "Chemical, physical, or structural impact on ecosystems" Loxioides bailleui MO Hawaii Islands United States LV October 2019 Ovis orientalis "Banko and Banko, 2009. P.C. Banko, W.E. Banko. Evolution and ecology of food exploitation in T.K. Pratt, C.T. Atkinson, P.C. Banko, J.D. Jacobi, B.L. Woodworth (Eds.), Conservation Biology of Hawaiian Forest Birds: Implications for Island Avifauna, Yale University Press, New Haven (2009), pp. 159-193" Secondary referencing "Banko, P. C., Camp, R. J., Farmer, C., Brinck, K. W., Leonard, D. L., & Stephens, R. M. (2013). Response of palila and other subalpine Hawaiian forest bird species to prolonged drought and habitat degradation by feral ungulates. Biological Conservation, 157, 70-77." "Habitat degradation by introduced ungulates had broadly affected Hawaiian bird communities (Banko and Banko, 2009; Pratt and Jacobi, 2009; Scott et al., 1986) and has been the most important factor driving the palila's historical range contraction and population decline (Banko et al., 2009). Since the early 1800s, cattle (Bos taurus), goats (Capra hircus), and sheep (Ovis aries and, more recently, mouflon [O. gmelini musimon] and their hybrids) have roamed widely through the palila's range, killing or damaging trees and shrubs, removing seedlings, and exacerbating erosion (Hartt and Neal, 1940; Hess and Banko, 2011; Warner, 1960). " "Chemical, physical, or structural impact on ecosystems" Bird communities n.a. Hawaii Islands United States LV October 2019 Ovis orientalis "Pratt and Jacobi, 2009. L.W. Pratt, J.D. Jacobi Loss, degradation, and persistence of habitats in T.K. Pratt, C.T. Atkinson, P.C. Banko, J.D. Jacobi, B.L. Woodworth (Eds.), Conservation Biology of Hawaiian Forest Birds: Implications for Island Avifauna, Yale University Press, New Haven (2009), pp. 137-158" Secondary referencing "Banko, P. C., Camp, R. J., Farmer, C., Brinck, K. W., Leonard, D. L., & Stephens, R. M. (2013). Response of palila and other subalpine Hawaiian forest bird species to prolonged drought and habitat degradation by feral ungulates. Biological Conservation, 157, 70-77." "Habitat degradation by introduced ungulates had broadly affected Hawaiian bird communities (Banko and Banko, 2009; Pratt and Jacobi, 2009; Scott et al., 1986) and has been the most important factor driving the palila's historical range contraction and population decline (Banko et al., 2009). Since the early 1800s, cattle (Bos taurus), goats (Capra hircus), and sheep (Ovis aries and, more recently, mouflon [O. gmelini musimon] and their hybrids) have roamed widely through the palila's range, killing or damaging trees and shrubs, removing seedlings, and exacerbating erosion (Hartt and Neal, 1940; Hess and Banko, 2011; Warner, 1960). " "Chemical, physical, or structural impact on ecosystems" Bird communities n.a. Hawaii Islands United States LV October 2019 Ovis orientalis "Hess, S. C., & Banko, P. C. (2011). Sheep vs. palila on Mauna Kea: After 200 years of damage, can these native birds recover?. The Wildlife Professional, 5(3), 60-63." Secondary referencing "Banko, P. C., Camp, R. J., Farmer, C., Brinck, K. W., Leonard, D. L., & Stephens, R. M. (2013). Response of palila and other subalpine Hawaiian forest bird species to prolonged drought and habitat degradation by feral ungulates. Biological Conservation, 157, 70-77." "Habitat degradation by introduced ungulates had broadly affected Hawaiian bird communities (Banko and Banko, 2009; Pratt and Jacobi, 2009; Scott et al., 1986) and has been the most important factor driving the palila's historical range contraction and population decline (Banko et al., 2009). Since the early 1800s, cattle (Bos taurus), goats (Capra hircus), and sheep (Ovis aries and, more recently, mouflon [O. gmelini musimon] and their hybrids) have roamed widely through the palila's range, killing or damaging trees and shrubs, removing seedlings, and exacerbating erosion (Hartt and Neal, 1940; Hess and Banko, 2011; Warner, 1960). " Grazing/herbivory/browsing; Direct physical disturbance Trees and shrubs n.a. Hawaii Islands United States LV October 2019 Ovis orientalis "Warner, R. E. (1960). A forest dies on Mauna Kea. Pacific Discovery, 13(2), 6-14." Secondary referencing "Banko, P. C., Camp, R. J., Farmer, C., Brinck, K. W., Leonard, D. L., & Stephens, R. M. (2013). Response of palila and other subalpine Hawaiian forest bird species to prolonged drought and habitat degradation by feral ungulates. Biological Conservation, 157, 70-77." "Habitat degradation by introduced ungulates had broadly affected Hawaiian bird communities (Banko and Banko, 2009; Pratt and Jacobi, 2009; Scott et al., 1986) and has been the most important factor driving the palila's historical range contraction and population decline (Banko et al., 2009). Since the early 1800s, cattle (Bos taurus), goats (Capra hircus), and sheep (Ovis aries and, more recently, mouflon [O. gmelini musimon] and their hybrids) have roamed widely through the palila's range, killing or damaging trees and shrubs, removing seedlings, and exacerbating erosion (Hartt and Neal, 1940; Hess and Banko, 2011; Warner, 1960). " Grazing/herbivory/browsing; Direct physical disturbance Trees and shrubs n.a. Hawaii Islands United States LV October 2019 Rusa timorensis "Ecott, Tim. ""Forest landscape restoration: Working examples from 5 ecoregions."" (2002)." Secondary referencing "McLeod S (2009) ‘Proceedings of the National Feral Deer Management Workshop’, Canberra, November 2005, Invasive Animals Cooperative Research Centre, Canberra. " "Also, local people encourage new shoots through the use of fires to attract deer, thus making them easier for the villagers to hunt. However, this results in increased grazing pressure on the indigenous plants by the deer (Ecott 2002)." Grazing/herbivory/browsing Vegetation n.a. Canberra Australia DJ August 2017 Rusa timorensis "Ramsar 2004, ‘Tonda Wildlife Management Area’, In A directory of wetlands of international importance Papua New Guinea 2PG001, Ramsar Sites Database" Secondary referencing "McLeod S (2009) ‘Proceedings of the National Feral Deer Management Workshop’, Canberra, November 2005, Invasive Animals Cooperative Research Centre, Canberra. " "In the Western Province of Papua New Guinea (Tonda), overgrazing by rusa deer causes damage to river floodplains (Ramsar 2004)" "Chemical, physical, or structural impact on ecosystems" Vegetation n.a. Tonda Papua New Guinea DJ August 2017 Rusa timorensis "Allen, RB 1976, ‘The significance of rusa deer (Cervus timorensis)’,BSc Thesis, University of Canterbury, Christchurch." Secondary referencing "McLeod S (2009) ‘Proceedings of the National Feral Deer Management Workshop’, Canberra, November 2005, Invasive Animals Cooperative Research Centre, Canberra. " Allen (1976) found that rusa deer over browsed an ecologically sensitive three-tiered forest habitat type Grazing/herbivory/browsing Vegetation n.a. Canberra Australia DJ August 2017 Rusa timorensis "Mungroo, Y 2004, Restoration of highly degraded and threatened native forests in Mauritius, UNEP/World Bank Africa Forest Policy Forum, Nairobi, Kenya, viewed 21 August 2007," Secondary referencing "McLeod S (2009) ‘Proceedings of the National Feral Deer Management Workshop’, Canberra, November 2005, Invasive Animals Cooperative Research Centre, Canberra. " The browsing pressure of rusa deer also contributes to the non-regeneration of native vegetation (Mungroo 2004) Grazing/herbivory/browsing Vegetation n.a. Canberra Australia DJ August 2017 Rusa timorensis "Le Bel, S., Sarrailh, J.-M., Brescia, F., and Cornu, A. (2001). Pre?sence du cerf Rusa dans le massif de l’Aoupinie? en Nouvelle-Cale?donie et impact sur le reboisement en kaoris. Bois et Fore?ts des Tropiques 269, 5–18." Secondary referencing "Rouys, Sophie, and Jörn Theuerkauf. ""Factors determining the distribution of introduced mammals in nature reserves of the southern province, New Caledonia."" Wildlife Research 30.2 (2003): 187-191." "This higher density in the lower part of the reserve is probably a result of the extensive neighbouring pastures and of the reforestation, in which Rusa deer browse intensively (Le Bel et al. 2001). " Grazing/herbivory/browsing Vegetation n.a. New Caledonia New Zealand DJ August 2017 Rusa timorensis "Stewart, John Fraser. A Study of Wild Rusa Deer Cervus Timorensis in the Tonda Wildlife Management Area. FAO, 1981." Secondary referencing "Hitchcock, Garrick. Wildlife is our gold: political ecology of the Torassi River borderland, southwest Papua New Guinea. Diss. University of Queensland, 2004." "Stewart (1981:8) reports that they were formerly more common in permanent swamps, which have since been destroyed by the introduction of Rusa deer." Grazing/herbivory/browsing Not specified n.a. Tonda Papua New Guinea DJ August 2017 Rusa unicolor "Bennett, A. (2012). Sambar presence at Lake Mountain Yarra Ranges National Park and Mount Bullfight Nature Conservation Reserve alpine bogs. A report prepared for Parks Victoria. The University of Melbourne, Melbourne" Secondary referencing "Davis, N. E., Bennett, A., Forsyth, D. M., Bowman, D. M., Lefroy, E. C., Wood, S. W., ... & Johnson, C. N. (2016). A systematic review of the impacts and management of introduced deer (family Cervidae) in Australia. Wildlife Research, 43(6), 515-532." Rutting and fighting by sambar may create patches of bare ground of up to 30?m in diameter (Bennett 2012). "Chemical, physical, or structural impact on ecosystems" n.a. MN Victoria Australia Maddie Harris September 2017 Rusa unicolor "Bartlett, R. C. (2012). The impacts of introduced sambar deer (Cervus unicolor) on vertebrate communities in the Yarra Ranges National Park. Masters Thesis, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne." Secondary referencing "Davis, N. E., Bennett, A., Forsyth, D. M., Bowman, D. M., Lefroy, E. C., Wood, S. W., ... & Johnson, C. N. (2016). A systematic review of the impacts and management of introduced deer (family Cervidae) in Australia. Wildlife Research, 43(6), 515-532." "Bartlett (2012) compared the abundance of small vertebrates in areas of high and low sambar density. Sites with high sambar densities were associated with reductions in small-mammal species richness, abundances of some small mammals and reptile captures (Table 2). These patterns were attributed to reductions in the availability of shelter, food and nesting sites and materials. However, these results were confounded by reduced coarse woody habitat (logs) in areas of high sambar density, which may have affected small-mammal abundance." "Chemical, physical, or structural impact on ecosystems" Mammals MO Yarra Ranges National Park Australia Maddie Harris September 2017 Rusa unicolor "Presidente, P. J. A. (1984). Ectoparasites, endoparasites and some diseases reported from sambar deer throughout its native range and in Australia and New Zealand. Deer Refresher Course for Veterinarians, University of Sydney, Proceedings, 72, 543-557." Secondary referencing "Leslie Jr, D. M. (2011). Rusa unicolor (Artiodactyla: Cervidae). Mammalian Species, 43(1), 1-30." "[…] mucosal disease virus, malignant catarrhal fever, and, rarely, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis in Australia (Presidente 1984a; Slee 1984; Slee and Presidente 1981) have been reported." Transmission of disease n.a. MC n.a. Australia Maddie Harris September 2017 Rusa unicolor "Slee, K. J., & Presidente, P. J. A. (1981). Biological and pathological features of sambar in Victoria. Part I. Haematology, biochemistry, and serology. Australian Deer, 6(4), 7-14." Secondary referencing "Leslie Jr, D. M. (2011). Rusa unicolor (Artiodactyla: Cervidae). Mammalian Species, 43(1), 1-30." "[…] mucosal disease virus, malignant catarrhal fever, and, rarely, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis in Australia (Presidente 1984a; Slee 1984; Slee and Presidente 1981) have been reported." Transmission of disease n.a. MC n.a. Australia Maddie Harris September 2017 Rusa unicolor "Slee, K. J. (1984). The sambar deer in Victoria. Deer Refresher Course for Veterinarians, University of Sydney, Proceedings, 72, 559-572." Secondary referencing "Leslie Jr, D. M. (2011). Rusa unicolor (Artiodactyla: Cervidae). Mammalian Species, 43(1), 1-30." "[…] mucosal disease virus, malignant catarrhal fever, and, rarely, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis in Australia (Presidente 1984a; Slee 1984; Slee and Presidente 1981) have been reported." Transmission of disease n.a. MC n.a. Australia Maddie Harris September 2017 Rusa unicolor "Claridge, A. W. (1998). Use of tracks and trails by introduced predators: an important consideration in the study of native ground-dwelling mammals. Victorian Naturalist, 115, 88-93." Secondary referencing "Peel, B., Bilney, R. J., & Bilney, R. J. (2005). Observations of the ecological impacts of Sambar Cervus unicolor in East Gippsland, Victoria, with reference to destruction of rainforest communities. The Victorian Naturalist, 122(4), 189-200." "[…] paths created by sambar essentially become highways through the bush for introduced predators which use paths as movement corridors (May and Norton 1996; Claridge 1998). This fragmentation of the understorey allows introduced predators to gain access into areas of previously dense scrub or ground cover. These factors, along with the destruction of refuges, are likely to have a major impact on native animal populations, particularly small terrestrial mammals" Indirect impact through interaction with other species Mammals MN Victoria Australia Potential impact ? Maddie Harris September 2017 Rusa unicolor "Lorimer, G. S. and Lorimer, D. J. (2005). The conservation status of the Shiny Nematolepis (Nematolepis wilsonii) in 2005. (Biosphere Pty Ltd: Bayswater North, Victoria.)" Secondary referencing "Bennett, A. (2009). The impacts of sambar (Cervus unicolor) in the Yarra Ranges National Park. University of Melbourne, Department of Zoology & Department of Forest and Ecosystem Science." "In an endeavour to obtain baseline information, the population of shiny nematolepis in YRNP was surveyed by Lorimer and Lorimer (2005), who recorded sambar antler rubbing damage on 27% (n = 281) of individuals in May 2005." "Chemical, physical, or structural impact on ecosystems" Nematolepis wilsonii MN Undefined Australia Maddie Harris September 2017 Rusa unicolor "Douglas, M. J. W. 1983: Status and future management of the Manawatu sambar deer herd. Forest Research Institute bulletin 30. Wellington, Forest Research Institute, New Zealand Forest Service. " Secondary referencing "Stafford, K.J.I 997: The diet and trace element status of sambar deer (Cervus unicolor) in Manawatu district, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Zoology 24: 267-271." "In the Manawatu coastal area, sambar deer (Cervus unicolor) cause considerable damage to pine forests (Pinus radiata) by stripping the bark off young trees (Douglas 1983)." Grazing/herbivory/browsing Pinus radiata n.a. Manawatu New Zealand Alix Badel July 2017 Rusa unicolor "Douglas, M. J. W. 1990: Sambar deer. In: King, C. M. ed. The handbook of New Zealand mammals. Auckland, Oxford University Press." Secondary referencing "Stafford, K.J.I 997: The diet and trace element status of sambar deer (Cervus unicolor) in Manawatu district, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Zoology 24: 267-271." "In the Manawatu pine forests sambar feed on grasses, briars (Rosa canina), and blackberry (Rubus fruticosus) (Douglas 1990)." Grazing/herbivory/browsing Rosa canina; Rubus fruticosus n.a. Manawatu New Zealand Alix Badel July 2017 Rusa unicolor "USFWS. 1987. Listing approved for two species. U.S. Fish and Wildlif e Service, Endangered Species Technical Bulletin 12(3):3." Secondary referencing "Conry, P.J. (1988) Management of feral and exotic game species on Guam. Trans.West Sect.Wildl. Soc. 24: 26–30." Deer and pig browsing on the seedlings of Serianthes nelsonü is thought to be a factor in the decline of this endangered species (USFWS 1987). Grazing/herbivory/browsing Serianthes nelsonii MO n.a. United States LV September 2017 Rusa unicolor "Kelton, S. D. 1981: Biology of the sambar deer (Cervus unicolor unicolor) in New Zealand with particular reference to diet in a Manawatu flax swamp. Unpublished M.Sc. thesis, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand." Secondary referencing "Stafford, K.J. I997: The diet and trace element status of sambar deer (Cervus unicolor) in Manawatu district, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Zoology 24: 267271." "In Manawatu, sambar living in the Moutoa flax swamp fed on 16 plant species including flax (Phormium tenax) and tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) during winter and on floating sweet grass (Glyceria declinata) and reed canary grass (Phalaris arundinacea) during summer (Kelton 1981)." Grazing/herbivory/browsing Phormium tenax; Festuca arundinacea; Glyceria declinata; Phalaris arundinacea MN Manawatu New Zealand LV September 2017 Rusa unicolor "Bennett, A., & Coulson, G. (2010). The impacts of sambar Cervus unicolor on the threatened shiny nematolepis Nematolepis wilsonii. Pacific Conservation Biology, 16(4), 251-260." Title/Abstract - - Grazing/herbivory/browsing Nematolepis wilsonii n.a. n.a. n.a. Maddie Harris September 2017 Rusa unicolor Scientific Advisory Committee. (2007). Final recommendation on a nomination for listing: Reduction in biodiversity of native vegetation by sambar (Cervus unicolor). Title/Abstract - - Grazing/herbivory/browsing Vegetation n.a. n.a. n.a. Maddie Harris September 2017 Rusa unicolor "Bennett, A. (2002). An assessment of sambar deer (Cervus unicolor) browsing on tree ferns in Victorian wet sclerophyll forests. Masters Qualifying Thesis, Monash University, Melbourne." Title/Abstract - - Grazing/herbivory/browsing Tree ferns n.a. Victoria Australia Maddie Harris September 2017 Rusa unicolor "Department of Sustainability and Environment (2010). Flora and Fauna Guarantee Action Statement: reduction in biodiversity of native vegetation by sambar deer (Cervus unicolor). Department of Sustainability and Environment, Melbourne." Title/Abstract - - Grazing/herbivory/browsing Vegetation n.a. n.a. Australia Maddie Harris September 2017 Rusa unicolor "Eyles, D. (2002). Sambar deer (Cervus unicolor) as a potential seed vector for the spread of the environmental weed Himalayan honeysuckle (Leycesteria formosa) at Mount Buffalo National Park. B. Sc.(Hons) Thesis, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne." Title/Abstract - - Indirect impact through interaction with other species n.a. n.a. Mount Buffalo National Park Australia Maddie Harris September 2017 Rusa unicolor "Millington, S. J. (1991). Identification and monitoring of the impacts on species of Exocarpus cupressiformis (cherry ballart) by Cervus unicolor (sambar deer) within Mount Buffalo National Park. Parks and recreation project report. Charles Sturt University, Bathurst" Title/Abstract - - Grazing/herbivory/browsing Exocarpus cupressiformis n.a. Mount Buffalo National Park Australia Maddie Harris September 2017 Rusa unicolor "Houston, E (2003). The use of faecal counts to estimate Sambar Deer (Cervus unicolor) population abundance in Victoria. (Unpublished B.Sc Hons. Thesis, Monash University)" Secondary referencing "Peel, B., Bilney, R. J., & Bilney, R. J. (2005). Observations of the ecological impacts of Sambar Cervus unicolor in East Gippsland, Victoria, with reference to destruction of rainforest communities. The Victorian Naturalist, 122(4), 189-200." "From faecal pellet counts in the Upper Yarra Catchment, it has been estimated that Sambar were 100 times more abundanct than Black Wallabies (Houston 2003; Stockwell 2003), which may be due to competition from Sambar as well as predation by wild dogs." Competition Black Wallabies n.a. Upper Yarra Catchment Australia LV January 2018 Rusa unicolor "Stockwell, M. (2003). Assessing the levels and potential impacts of browsing by sambar deer (Cervus unicolor) in the Upper Yarra Catchment, Victoria. B. Sc.(Hons) Thesis, Monash University, Melbourne." Secondary referencing "Peel, B., Bilney, R. J., & Bilney, R. J. (2005). Observations of the ecological impacts of Sambar Cervus unicolor in East Gippsland, Victoria, with reference to destruction of rainforest communities. The Victorian Naturalist, 122(4), 189-200." "From faecal pellet counts in the Upper Yarra Catchment, it has been estimated that Sambar were 100 times more abundanct than Black Wallabies (Houston 2003; Stockwell 2003), which may be due to competition from Sambar as well as predation by wild dogs." Competition Black Wallabies n.a. Upper Yarra Catchment Australia LV January 2018 Rusa unicolor Peel B (2010) Rainforest restoration manual for south-eastern Australia. (CSIRO Publishing: Melbourne) Secondary referencing "Bilney, R. J. (2013). Antler rubbing of yellow-wood by Sambar in East Gippsland, Victoria. Victorian Naturalist, The, 130(2), 68." One plant species observed to suff er severe and targeted antler rubbing is the rare and threatened Yellow-wood Acronychia oblongifolia (Peel et al. 2005; Scientifi c Advisory Committee 2007b; Peel 2010) "Chemical, physical, or structural impact on ecosystems" Acronychia oblongifolia n.a. n.a. Australia LV January 2018 Rusa unicolor "Scientifi c Advisory Committee (2007b) Final Recommendation on a nomination for listing: Yellow-wood (Acronychia oblongifolia). Nomination no. 764. Flora and Fauna Guarantee, Scientifi c Advisory Committee. (Department of Sustainability and Environment, Melbourne)" Secondary referencing "Bilney, R. J. (2013). Antler rubbing of yellow-wood by Sambar in East Gippsland, Victoria. Victorian Naturalist, The, 130(2), 68." One plant species observed to suff er severe and targeted antler rubbing is the rare and threatened Yellow-wood Acronychia oblongifolia (Peel et al. 2005; Scientifi c Advisory Committee 2007b; Peel 2010) "Chemical, physical, or structural impact on ecosystems" Acronychia oblongifolia n.a. n.a. Australia LV January 2018 Sus scrofa "Tolleson, D., D. Rollins, W. Pinchak, M. Ivy, And A. Hierman.1993. Impact of feral hogs on ground-nesting gamebirds. Pp. 76–83 in Feral swine: a compendium for resource managers (C. W. Hanselka and J. F. Cadenhead, eds.). Texas Agricultural Extension Service, Kerrville, Texas" Secondary referencing "Jolley, D., Ditchkoff, S., Sparklin, B., Hanson, L., Mitchell, M. & Grand, J. (2010). Estimate of herpetofauna depredation by a population of wild pigs. Journal of Mammalogy 91: 519–524." Wild pigs destroyed up to 28% of northern bobwhite(Colinus virginianus) nests in north-central Texas Predation Colinus virginianus MN Texas United States "The quotation refer of a predation rate on northern bobwhite nests, but it s not possible to infer wether this predation rate results in a decrease of population size" LS January 2018 Sus scrofa "Merton, D. V. 1977. Controlling introduced predators and competitors on islands. Pp. 121–128 in Endangered birds: management techniques for preserving threatened species (S. A. Temple, ed.). University of Wisconsin Press, Madison." Secondary referencing "Jolley, D., Ditchkoff, S., Sparklin, B., Hanson, L., Mitchell, M. & Grand, J. (2010). Estimate of herpetofauna depredation by a population of wild pigs. Journal of Mammalogy 91: 519–524." (Wild pigs) were so destructive to ground-nesting birds in New Zealand that local authorities were forced to respond with the use of poison (Merton 1977). Predation n.a. MO n.a. New Zealand "The quotation refer of a predation rate on ground nesting birds, that at least caused population decline" LS January 2018 Sus scrofa Oliver W.R.B. (1925) Vegetation of Poor Knights Islands. New Zealand Journal of Science and Technology 7:376-384 Secondary referencing "Medway, D. (2001). Pigs and petrels on the Poor Knights islands. New Zealand Natural Sciences 26: 87-90." "By far the most destructive to plant and animal life of the agencies introduced by human occupation in the Poor Knights are the pigs, of which the last have not yet been exterminated, though an attempt to kill off the remaining pigs on the island is to be made this year..The effect of pigs on the fauna is best seen in the wiping-out of the breeding-grounds of burrowing-petrels, a process which involves the killing of many birds. The rare Buller's shearwater and other petrels are pratically extinct on the southern islet, but abundant on other islets otherislets of the groups""" Predation Puffinus bulleri; other petrel species MO Poor Knights Islands New Zealand LS January 2018 Sus scrofa "Hutton, I (1991). Birds of Lord Howe Island, past and present.The author, Coffs Harbour plaza, New Ssouth Wales" Secondary referencing "Medway, D. (2001). Pigs and petrels on the Poor Knights islands. New Zealand Natural Sciences 26: 87-90." "Shortly before they were eradicated from Lord Howe Island in 1981, analyses of the contents of pig stomachs revealed that they were eating Providence petrel (pterodroma solandri) chicks in some areas (Hutton 1991)." Predation Pterodroma solandri MN Lord Howe Island Australia "Feral pigs predated upon chicks of Providence petrel (pterodroma solandri) , but from this quotation it is not possible to infer on the impact at the population level." LS January 2018 Sus scrofa "Green, D. (1979). The effects of feral pigs on the nesting success of the East Pacific green sea turtle in the Galápagos Islands. Preliminary Report, Charles Darwin Research Station, 9." Secondary referencing "Coblentz, B. E., & Baber, D. W. (1987). Biology and control of feral pigs on Isla Santiago, Galapagos, Ecuador. Journal of Applied Ecology, 403-418." "Reproductive success of the green turtle at Playa Espumilla has been, and still is, severely reduced by feral pigs. Pigs root up nests, consume eggs and are predators on emerging hatchlings (Green 1979). Although sea turtles nest at other beaches on Santiago where pigs are absent, Playa Espumilla, because of its size, is probably a significant portion of island-wide sea turtle nesting effort. " Predation Chelonia mydas MN Galapagos Islands Ecuador Feral pigs affect reproductive success of green turtle by predating on eggs and emerging hatchlings LS January 2018 Sus scrofa "Taylor, G. A. (2000). Action Plan for Seabird Conservation in New Zealand. Part B: Non-Threatened Seabirds. Threatened Species Occasional Publication 17. 201 p." Secondary referencing "Flux, I. A. (2002). New Zealand white-capped mollymawk (Diomedea cauta steadi) chicks eaten by pigs (Sus scrofa). Notornis, 49(3), 175-176." "Pigs have been implicated in the decline of breeding colonies of the New Zealand white-capped mollymawk (Diomedea cauta steadi) on main Auckland Island (Taylor 2000),although predation had not been observed" Predation Diomedea cauta steadi MO Auckland Island New Zealand Feral pig are reported to be implicated in the decline of white capped mollymark LS January 2018 Sus scrofa "Hooker, J. D. (1847). ""Flora Antarctica"", Vol. 1. Reeve Bros, London. 574p" Secondary referencing "Challies, C. N. (1975). Feral pigs (Sus scrofa) on Auckland Island: status, and effects on vegetation and nesting sea birds. New Zealand Journal of Zoology, 2(4), 479-490." "The most obvious effect that pigs have had on the flora of Auckland Island has been the virtual elimination from accessible places of the large-leaved subantarctic endemic species of Pleurophyllum, Stilbocarpa, and Anisotome. In 1840 all were common around Port Ross and in the Hooker Hills, though some were already being heavily utilised by pigs. A large proportion of the pig's diet then was Pleurophyllum criniferum, which was "" . . . so abundant in the marshy spots . . . that these animals frequently live entirely amongst i t . . . grubbing up the roots to a great extent . . ."". They were also eating the roots of Stilbocarpa Polaris which covered "". . . large tracts of ground . . ."" at lower altitudes (Hooker 1847). [...]These species are now confined mainly to inaccessible steep slopes and cliffs, though a few small plants occur in sheltered places such as thick vegetation and rock piles, where they are doubtless overlooked by foraging pigs." Grazing/herbivory/browsing Pleurophyllum spp.; Stilbocarpa spp.; Anisotome spp. MR Auckland Island New Zealand Feral pig caused by rooting and herbivory the local disappearence of several endemic plant species from Auckland Islands LS January 2018 Sus scrofa "D’Antonio, C. M., T. L. Dudley, and M. Mack. (1999) Disturbance and biological invasions: direct effects and feedbacks. Pages 413–452 in L. R. Walker, editor. Ecosystems of disturbed ground. Elsevier, New York, New York, USA." Secondary referencing "Cushman, J.H., Tierney, T.A. & Hinds, J.M. (2004) Variable effects of feral pig disturbances on native and exotic plants in a Californian grassland. Ecological Applications 14(6): 1746-1756." "D’Antonio et al. (1999) have suggested that the effects of pig disturbances on grasslands may be less pronounced, and in some cases these ecosystems appear to recover rapidly from pig disturbances" Grazing/herbivory/browsing n.a. MC California United States LS January 2018 Sus scrofa "Ruckel, S. W., & Steele, G. W. (1984, November). Alligator nesting ecology in two habitats in southern Georgia. In Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the Southeastern Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies (Vol. 38, pp. 212-221)." Secondary referencing "Elsey, R. M., Mouton Jr, E. C., & Kinler, N. (2012). Effects of feral swine (Sus scrofa) on alligator (Alligator mississippiensis) nests in Louisiana. Southeastern Naturalist, 11(2), 205-218." "More recently, Ruckel and Steele (1984) noted that four of 31 nests at their Rhetts Island study site in Georgia were destroyed by Feral Hogs, and one other nest was destroyed by a combination of Raccoons and Feral Hogs; thus, 5 of 31 nests (16.1%) were lost all or in part to Feral Hogs." Predation Alligator mississippiensis MN Georgia United States LS January 2018 Sus scrofa "Barret RH, Stone CP (1983) Managing wild pigs in Hawaii Volcanoes National Park. Report for Resource Management, Hawaii Volcanoes National Park, Hawaii" Secondary referencing "Nogueira-Filho, S. L., Nogueira, S. S., & Fragoso, J. M. (2009). Ecological impacts of feral pigs in the Hawaiian Islands. Biodiversity and Conservation, 18(14), 3677." "In one rainforest they foraged on at least 40 plant species,75% of which were native plants (e.g., tree ferns Cibotium chamissoi and C. splendens;Barret and Stone 1983). The introductions of fruit-producing non-indigenous plant species,such as strawberry guava (Psidium cattleianum), may also have contributed to pig population expansion (Barret and Stone 1983)." Grazing/herbivory/browsing Cibotium chamissoi; Cibotium splendens MN Hawaii Islands United States Not mentionned clearly if the individual performance has been really affected. LS January 2018 Sus scrofa "Wood, G. W., & R. E. Brennemann (1977). Research and management of feral hogs on Hobcaw Barony. Pp. 23–35 in Research and management of wild hog populations (G. W. Wood, ed.). Belle W. Baruch Forest Science Institute, Clemson University, Georgetown, South Carolina." Secondary referencing "Wilcox, J. T. & Van Vuren, D. H. (2009). Wild pigs as predators in oak woodlands of California. Journal of Mammalogy 90(1): 114-118." Active predation by pigs on wild vertebrates has been strongly suspected (Taylor and Hellgren 1997; Wood and Brenneman 1977) Predation Vertebrates n.a. n.a. n.a. LS January 2018 Sus scrofa "Cooray,R . G. and Mueller-DomboisD, . (1981) Feral pig activity.- In: Mueller-DomboisD, ., Bridges,K . W. and Carson,H. L. (eds), Island ecosystems:biological organization in selected Hawaiian communities( US/IBPS ynthesisS er. 15). HutchinsonR oss Publ. Co., StroudsburgP, A, pp. 309-317." Title/Abstract - - n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. Hawaii Islands LS January 2018 Sus scrofa "Peart,D . (1993).I mpacto f feralp ig activity on vegetation composition associated with Quercus agrifolia on Santa Cruz Island, California-. In:T ietje,W .a ndB arrettR, . H. (eds),T he wild pig in Californiao ak woodland:e cology and economics. Integr.H ardwoodR angeM anage.P rogr.,D ept Forestry and Res. Manage.,U niv. CaliforniaB, erkeley,p p. 12-13." Title/Abstract - - n.a. n.a. n.a. "Santa Cruz Island, California" United States LS January 2018 Sus scrofa "Wardle JA 1984. The New Zealand beeches: ecology, utilisation and management. Wellington, New Zealand Forest Service. 447 p." Secondary referencing "Parkes, J., Easdale, T., Williamson, W. & Forsyth, D. (2015). Causes and consequences of ground disturbance by feral pigs (Sus scrofa) in a lowland New Zealand conifer-angiosperm forest. New Zealand Journal of Ecology, 39 (1): 34-42." "While some effects might be positive if the disturbance creates sites suitable for seedling regeneration (Wardle 1984), it is generally assumed that the effects will be negative (Wardle 1984; McIlroy 2005)." Direct physical disturbance Vegetation n.a. n.a. New Zealand LS January 2018 Sus scrofa "McIlroy JC 2005. Feral pig. In: King CM ed. The handbook of New Zealand mammals. Melbourne, Oxford University Press. Pp. 334–345." Secondary referencing "Parkes, J., Easdale, T., Williamson, W. & Forsyth, D. (2015). Causes and consequences of ground disturbance by feral pigs (Sus scrofa) in a lowland New Zealand conifer-angiosperm forest. New Zealand Journal of Ecology, 39 (1): 34-42." "While some effects might be positive if the disturbance creates sites suitable for seedling regeneration (Wardle 1984), it is generally assumed that the effects will be negative (Wardle 1984; McIlroy 2005)." Direct physical disturbance Vegetation n.a. n.a. New Zealand LS January 2018 Sus scrofa "Coulter, M.C. (1984). Seabird conservation in the Galapagos Islands, Ecuador. In Status and conservation of the world's seabirds (ed. J.P. Croxall; P.G.H. Evans; R. W. Schreiber). pp. 237-244. International Council for Bird Preservation technical publication no. 2 International Council for Bird Preservation, Cambridge." Secondary referencing "Medway, D. (2001). Pigs and petrels on the Poor Knights islands. New Zealand Natural Sciences 26: 87-90." "Coulter (1984) recorded that in 1982 a pig which had been feeding almost exclusively on Dark-rumped petrels was shot on Floreana Island, also in the Galapagos." Predation Pterodroma phaeopygia MN Floreana Island Galapagos Islands LV October 2019 Taurotragus derbianus Academia de Ciencias de Cuba 1990b (?) Secondary referencing "Borroto-Páez, R., & Woods, C. A. (2012). Status and impact of introduced mammals in the West Indies. Terrestrial mammals of the West Indies. Contributions. Florida: Wocahoota Press and Florida Museum of Natural History, 241-258." "In addition, Indian antelopes Boselaphus tragocamelus and Derby eland Taurotragus derbianus were introduced in Sierra Najasa, Camagüey and observed in a field trip in 2001. A herd of about 500 head was observed on Cayo Coco where it is destroying the natural vegetation (Academia de Ciencias de Cuba 1990b)." Grazing/herbivory/browsing Vegetation n.a. Cayo Coco Cuba LV November 2017 Taurotragus derbianus "Álvarez-Romero, J. G., R. A. Medellín, A. Oliveras de Ita, H. Gómez de Silva y O. Sánchez. 2008. Animales exóticos en México: una amenaza para la biodiversidad. Comisión Nacional para el Conocimiento y Uso de la Biodiversidad, Instituto de Ecología, UNAM, Secretaría de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales, México, D.F., 518 pp." Title/Abstract - - n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. Mexico LV November 2017