Heading Explanation Species name Scientific (latin) name of species Impact "Impact magnitude as in Bacher et al. (unpublished manuscript.): MC - MN - MO - MR - MV - " Mechanism "Impact onat least one of the constituents of human well-being: Safety; Material and immaterial goods for good life; Health; Social, spiritual and cultural relations " Activity Activity as described in Bacher et al. (unpublished manuscript): see paper for details Confidence Confidence as described in Hawkins et al. (2015) see Appendix document: Rational for confidence Short explanation why the confidence level was chosen accordingy Citation from text A copy of the exact text passage where the impact (and its magnitude) was described. It should be possible to assign the impact according to this text. Full Reference Full reference details of the citation for this specific impact and magnitude Location Location where the impact was studied. Mostly this is a country, in some cases more specific. It should also be indicated whether teh impact was studied in the native range of the species. Comments free text Species name Impact magnitude Constituents of well-being affected by the alien Activity Confidence Rationale for confidence Citation from text Full Reference Location Comments Rhinella marina MR social and cultural relationships cultural practices low There is no direct observational evidence to support the assessment - report with no reference "With this being the case, their decline will, in turn, adversely affect Aboriginal communities that are semidependent on the availability of such species as a food supply. Furthermore, should a decline in species of particular importance occur, then a change in some of the cultural ceremonies and dances performed by Aboriginal communities in Kakadu National Park seems predictable, as occurred following cane toad invasion in the Borroloola area. Ceremonies were changed to ask the spirits to return to the local Aboriginal people the foods and totem species (eg freshwater crocodile) lost due to the cane toad invasion. However, it is important to note that with the subsequent return/recovery of some of those species (in particular goannas and snakes), it was expected that the ceremonies would revert to their original form." "Van Dam, R. Walden, D. and Begg, G, (2002) A preliminary risk assessment for cane toads in Kakadu National Park. Scientist Report 164, Supervising Scientist, Darwin NT [www document]. URL http://www.environment.gov.au/ssd/publications/ssr/164.html" Australia Rhinella marina MR material assets? hunting of specific species medium "There is some direct observational evidence to support the assessment, but some information is inferred - no hunting in indigenous community due to no species to harvest" Today the hunting of goannas and blue-tongues has not resumed because women maintain goanna numbers may be returning but the goannas themselves are too small and too few to harvest. Blue-tongue lizards remain invisible. "Seton KA and Bradley JJ (2004) When you have no law you are nothing: Cane toads, social consequences and management issues. The Acian Pacific Journal of Anthropology 5:205-228" Australia Rhinella marina MR "social relations, spiritual" traditional practices low The information sources are considered to be of low quality or contain information that is unreliable. - person to person communication "The social and cultural consequences of this were twofold: families that were close in kin ceased to hunt together and, at the same time, intimate discussions of kin, country and general gossip were not being shared. Young girls and women were not being taught because this hunting activity had ceased with the cane toad’s invasion. Hunting only became viable at the end of the dry season when the lagoons were dry and hibernating longnecked turtles could once again be accessed, which did allow continuity in some traditional practices." "Seton KA and Bradley JJ (2004) When you have no law you are nothing: Cane toads, social consequences and management issues. The Acian Pacific Journal of Anthropology 5:205-228" Australia Rhinella marina MO material assets bush tucker low "The information sources are considered to be of low quality or contain information that is unreliable. - interviews with people, but check for final score that several reports on the same!" "Although it was not mentioned frequently at other locations, the concern surrounding bush tucker loss was acute in the Ngukurr community, where some community members have a high reliance on traditional foods as part of their diet: for example: “All we're worried about is those bush tucker, your goanna ... first they eat them [cane toads] and they ... maybe they're dying out” (Ngukurr community member)" Clark et al. 2009 Australia Rhinella marina MO social relations? noise disturbance enjoyment of the bush low The information sources are considered to be of low quality or contain information that is unreliable. - interviews with people - not known how exactly people are affected "Concern around impacts on lifestyle included the loss of enjoyment of the bush and the nuisance factor of having cane toads in public and private amenity areas. The impact on public and private amenities was mentioned most frequently in Cairns and Ngukurr, and attachment to bush lifestyle most frequently in Kununurra. " Clark et al. 2009 Australia Rhinella marina MO health "health, physical activity, hunting, culture, childcare" low The information sources are considered to be of low quality or contain information that is unreliable. - reports from people "The Committee received a great deal of evidence regarding the impacts of cane toads on Indigenous communities. The decline in numbers of bush tucker species such as goanna, water monitor, lizards, snakes and turtles would primarily affect the important and strong relationships Indigenous communities have with their country. Also affected would be levels of health with an increased reliance on bought store meat and reduced physical activity in the practice of hunting....People hardly go out hunting. They eat less bush meat and are depending on the shop for meat...we are frightened of the toads and we teach our children not to humbug with the cane toads. So you got to be with the children all the time" Sessional Committee on Environment and Sustainable Development 2003 Australia Rhinella marina MO material assets? multiple low The information sources are considered to be of low quality or contain information that is unreliable. - perception of indigenous people Initially people were afraid to drink water inhabited by cane toads because they thought it would contain their poison. "Seton KA and Bradley JJ (2004) When you have no law you are nothing: Cane toads, social consequences and management issues. The Acian Pacific Journal of Anthropology 5:205-226" Australia Rhinella marina MO material assets hunting low "There is no direct observational evidence to support the assessment, e.g. only inferred data have been used as supporting evidence; - pers. comm. that fewer native species to hunt" "However, one of the most far-reaching consequences was the stress and depression among Yanyuwa women when their daily movement across country in search of normal target prey (such as goanna and bluetongue) led only to ‘finding cane toad in their holes’ (Ida Ninganga, pers. comm. 1999). A core group of senior women ceased hunting goanna and blue-tongue lizards because this primary economic activity was seen to lose its worth." "Seton KA and Bradley JJ (2004) When you have no law you are nothing: Cane toads, social consequences and management issues. The Acian Pacific Journal of Anthropology 5:205-227" Australia Rhinella marina MN social relations? noise disturbance pet keeping low The information sources are considered to be of low quality or contain information that is unreliable. - interviews with people "However, despite the relative frequency of concern for pets, only one respondent mentioned a pet having been killed by eating a cane toad and many people mentioned that they had learned how to treat their pets when exposed to cane toad toxins. " Clark et al. 2009 Australia Rhinella marina MN health multiple low "Impacts are recorded at a spatial scale which is unlikely to be relevant to the scale over which social communities in the region of interest can be characterized, and extrapolation or downscaling of the data to relevant scales is considered unreliable or to embrace significant uncertainties. - not known if pathogens are transmitted, but known that cane toads are hosts" The present study showed the importance of cane toads as reservoirs of Salmonella serovars that are emerging as causes for human disease in the Western hemisphere. Drake et al. 2012 "Grenada, West Indies" Rhinella marina MN "health, disease transmission" being healthy low "Impacts are recorded at a spatial scale which is unlikely to be relevant to the scale over which social communities in the region of interest can be characterized, and extrapolation or downscaling of the data to relevant scales is considered unreliable or to embrace significant uncertainties. - inferred from study - no direct link checked for leptospires on B. marinus and humans infected" "Bufo maninus can harbor pathogenic leptospines, and it may be a significant source of the Autumnalis senogroup infections in the Caribbean." "Everard COR, Carrington D, Korver H and Everard JD (1988) Journal of Wildlife Diseases 24:334-338" Barbados Rhinella marina MN material assets bush tucker low The information sources are considered to be of low quality or contain information that is unreliable. - newspaper article with one persons opinion "Kimberley residents, particularly Aborigines, are concerned about the impact of cane toads on the future of their river country. The small Aboriginal settlement of Jarlmadangah Burru, half an hour's drive from Camballin, is very close to the Fitzroy River. ""Our children want a goanna to eat - they don't want a cane toad to eat,"" said John Watson, an elder of the area's Nyikina and Mangala Aboriginal communities. ""I don't like to see anything poisonous like that coming into the country, it sounds very dangerous. Kids could pick cane toads up and think they might be good eating, because they don't know about the poison in their back. ""A lot of our people wouldn't know what a cane toad looks like. I'm concerned about the goannas and the things that we eat. It really hurts my feelings - we've got lovely country here. What else are the pastoralists going to bring in?"" he told ABC Science Online." "Horstman, M. (2003) Cane toad invasion halted in Western Australia. ABC News in Science [www document]. URL http://www.abc.net.au/science/news/stories/s793049.htm" Australia Rhinella marina MN health multiple medium "There is some direct observational evidence to support the assessment, but some information is inferred; - pers comm & lab study" "However, incidences of intoxication clinically similar to cardiac glycoside poisoning have been reported" "Leitch IM, Lim TH & Boura ALA 2000. Novel drugs from toad skins. RIRDC Publication 00/17, Rural Industries Research & Development Corporation, ACT." China Rhinella marina MN "social relations, spiritual" pet keeping high There is direct relevant observational evidence to support the assessment; - clinical cases collected "The proliferation of the cane toad has had substantial detrimental effects on native wildlife, and as they extend into urban areas, the cane toad is becoming a common threat to domestic pets. Toxicity usually occurs when dogs ingest venom after biting or eating a toad. It is also possible for toads to squirt venom up to 2 metres." Reeves MP (2004) A retrospective report of 90 dogs with suspected cane toad (Bufo marinus) toxicity. Australian Veterniary Journal 82: 608-611 Australia Rhinella marina MN "social relations, spiritual" pet keeping high There is direct relevant observational evidence to support the assessment; - clinical cases collected "Most (66) dogs were treated during the spring and summer. For 54 dogs, exposure to toads had been witnessed. For the remaining 40, toad intoxication was diagnosed on the basis of history and clinical signs. The most common clinical signs were neurologic abnormalities, hyperemic mucous membranes, ptyalism, recumbency or collapse, tachypnea, and vomiting. The oral cavity was lavaged with tap water in all dogs. Fifty-two dogs were hospitalized for treatment." Roberts et al. (2000) Bufo marinus intoxication in dogs: 94 cases (1997–1998) JAVMA 12: 1941-1944 Florida Rhinella marina MN material assets nursery trade low The information sources are considered to be of low quality or contain information that is unreliable. - reports from people We have identified a number of problems with Cane toads in our nursery. The toad will burrow into seed trays and we lose quite a few seedlings because of this. The only alternative is to put the trays on a higher stand. Ponds and water features are not recommended if they are on ground level as they will foul the water. They do seem to notice the difference between water that is chlorinated and plain water. We have never had a cane toad fall into or are near our chlorinated water. They can climb the height of a bath tub but cannot get out. They will also fall into a trench and not be able to climb out. The ecology has changed in the nursery. We have noticed more ants and in the last couple of weeks dead rats and an increase in the animals eg...The effect of the toad on growers and nursery people is an extra cost in production. More problem insect gaining a foothold. Other animals that do not cat toads will inc-mase eg Bandicoots because the natural predators have taken a hammering since the toad appeared. Sessional Committee on Environment and Sustainable Development 2003 Australia Rhinella marina MN "social relations, spiritual" "rituals, cultural practices" low The information sources are considered to be of low quality or contain information that is unreliable. - perception of indigenpous people "Overall these practices and emotional responses are based on sensory perceptions : the call of cane toads is foreign and drowns out the sounds of familiar species, the stench of dead piles of cane toads and dead animals rotting after contact with toads means country is unhealthy, and the sight of cane toads in the homes of hunted species is distressing and alarming....For example, the cane toad in relation to religious life in the Borroloola region has been seen as an invasion by a creature with no Law;9 it has no song, no place to fit within existing structures. This is especially important as the use of ritual, song and body design (and the esoteric knowledge that underlies these actions) is a powerful way of affirming and sustaining relationships to country and kin for Yanyuwa people (see Bradley 1997a), and essential to both ecological and cultural maintenance. Practical actions (such as speech, lighting fires, speaking to Spirit Ancestors) are also important components of this maintenance." "Seton KA and Bradley JJ (2004) When you have no law you are nothing: Cane toads, social consequences and management issues. The Acian Pacific Journal of Anthropology 5:205-225" Australia Rhinella marina MN material assets health low "The information sources are considered to be of low quality or contain information that is unreliable. - reports by people, no direct establishment of causality" "The contamination of water by cane toad toxin has been noted on a number of occasions. During periods of breeding activity, larval and adult cane toads are frequently found dead in spawning ponds. They release toxin into the water, and the parotoid glands of adults are generally covered with the exuded viscous white toxin. In surveys and personal interviews, many people have reported poisoning of pets and poultry due to contamination of drinking water (van Beurden 1980), and some consider boreholes and water troughs as sources of drinking water that could be particularly vulnerable to contamination by cane toad toxin (K Boland, Tropical Water Solutions, pers comm) and large numbers of rotting toad carcasses (Freeland 1984)." "Van Dam, R. Walden, D. and Begg, G, (2002) A preliminary risk assessment for cane toads in Kakadu National Park. Scientist Report 164, Supervising Scientist, Darwin NT [www document]. URL http://www.environment.gov.au/ssd/publications/ssr/164.html" Australia no access to van Beurden (1980) and Freeland (1984) Rhinella marina MN "health, disease transmission" multiple low "Impacts are recorded at a spatial scale which is unlikely to be relevant to the scale over which social communities in the region of interest can be characterized, and extrapolation or downscaling of the data to relevant scales is considered unreliable or to embrace significant uncertainties. - potential mechanisms, unknown if the consequences occur in human societies" "“Cane toads are known to feed on human faeces, and as a result they may harbour human strains of Salmonella and other bacteria. The eggs of human parasites are also spread via toad faeces. In areas where modern sanitation practices are lacking, the presence of large numbers of cane toads could represent a health hazard. Another health-related issue is the potential for substance abuse of the cane toad toxin, a habit forming practice that is established in northern Queensland and in countries such as Fiji.”" "Van Dam, R. Walden, D. and Begg, G, (2002) A preliminary risk assessment for cane toads in Kakadu National Park. Scientist Report 164, Supervising Scientist, Darwin NT [www document]. URL http://www.environment.gov.au/ssd/publications/ssr/164.html" Australia Rhinella marina MN "health, disease transmission" drug abuse low The information sources are considered to be of low quality or contain information that is unreliable. - pers comm "It seems reasonable to suggest that substance abuse (as documented in the video, Cane Toads — An Unnatural History, ABC 1987) could also be practised in the NT. In fact, the cane toad toxin is listed as a dangerous drug under Schedule 2 of the Drug Misuse Act in Queensland (ABC 1987). When cane toad toxin is extracted from the parotid glands and dried and smoked in a hand-rolled cigarette, the therapeutic/hallucinogenic effects are said to be sufficiently rewarding for the substance to become habit forming, as it has done in countries such as Fiji (S Choy, Qld DNR, pers comm). Furthermore, due to the long period of time that cane toads have been living in Queensland, there is anecdotal evidence to suggest that similar habits have been adopted by a number of people living in Cairns (S Choy, pers comm)." "Van Dam, R. Walden, D. and Begg, G, (2002) A preliminary risk assessment for cane toads in Kakadu National Park. Scientist Report 164, Supervising Scientist, Darwin NT [www document]. URL http://www.environment.gov.au/ssd/publications/ssr/164.html" Fiji Rhinella marina MC material assets poultry farming medium "There is some direct observational evidence to support the assessment, but some information is inferred; - study has shown poultry is not affected by cane toads, but myth continues to flourish" "Although discredited by scientists in 1938, within 2 years of the toads’ introduction to Australia, the myth continues to flourish. We conducted experimental trials to evaluate the vulnerability of chickens to toad-contaminated water, and to toad ingestion. No ill effects were seen, with one chicken consuming 45 small toads without falling ill. Thus, available evidence suggests that cane toads do not imperil domestic poultry." Beckmann C & Shine R (2010) The power of myth: the (non) impact of invasive cane toads (Bufo marinus) on domestic chickens (Gallus gallus). Animal Production Science 50: 847-851 "Northern Territory, Australia" Rhinella marina MC "health, disease transmission" being healthy low "Evidence is poor and difficult to interpret, e.g. because it is strongly ambiguous. - inferred from study - no direct link checked for salmonella on B. marinus and humans" "do not mention Bufo in the text, but tested for salmonella and found in >60% of the animals" "Haddock RL, Nocon FA, Santos EA and Taylor TG (1990) Reservoirs and vehicles of salmonella infection on Guam. Environment International 16:11-16" Guam Rhinella marina MC material assets tourism medium "There is some direct observational evidence to support the assessment, but some information is inferred; - personal comment by people who would be directly concerned about no observed impacts" “Queensland has contended with the cane toad for many decades with no noticeable effect on tourism”. Sessional Committee on Environment and Sustainable Development 2003 "Queensland, Australia" Rhinella marina MC material assets "power generation or distribution, or sewage reticulation and treatment" medium "There is some direct observational evidence to support the assessment, but some information is inferred; - reports from people who would be directly concerned about no observed impacts" "From the Power and Water Corporation’s submission the Committee noted that there are no significant issues associated with cane toads on power generation or distribution, or sewage reticulation and treatment." Sessional Committee on Environment and Sustainable Development 2003 Australia Rhinella marina MC material assets? catfish fishery low "Impacts are recorded at a spatial scale which is unlikely to be relevant to the scale over which social communities in the region of interest can be characterized, and extrapolation or downscaling of the data to relevant scales is considered unreliable or to embrace significant uncertainties. - lab experiment" "Our laboratory trials confirmed that some catfish eat toad eggs and die; but most catfish avoided the eggs. Catfish readily consumed toad tadpoles at both early and late developmental stages, but without experiencing mortality; and soon learned not to consume this toxic new prey type. Conclusions and implications. Despite potential frequent episodes of mortality of small numbers of catfish during the wet season, the overall impacts of cane toads on the Lake Argyle fishery likely will be minimal." "Somaweera R, Crossland MR & Shine R (2011) Assessing the potential impact of invasive cane toads on a commercial freshwater fishery in tropical Australia. Wildlife Reaearch 38: 380-385" Australia Rhinella marina MC material assets tourism low "There is no direct observational evidence to support the assessment, e.g. only inferred data have been used as supporting evidence; - pers comm" "In spite of the presence of large numbers of cane toads, the numbers of tourists visiting National Parks in Queensland have not declined (R Pidgeon, pers comm). " "Van Dam, R. Walden, D. and Begg, G, (2002) A preliminary risk assessment for cane toads in Kakadu National Park. Scientist Report 164, Supervising Scientist, Darwin NT [www document]. URL http://www.environment.gov.au/ssd/publications/ssr/164.html" Australia Duttaphrynus melanostictus MO health multiple low "Impacts are recorded at a spatial scale which is unlikely to be relevant to the scale over which social communities in the region of interest can be characterized, and extrapolation or downscaling of the data to relevant scales is considered unreliable or to embrace significant uncertainties. - clinical reports, but only of anecdotal cases" "One 6 year old boy died after eating a Black-spined Toad in Ermera district during 2008, and many villagers have become sick after eating toads." "Trainor CR (2009) Survey of a population of black-spines toad Bufo melanosticus in Timor-Leste: confirming identity, distribution, abundance and impacts of an invasive and toxic toad. A Report by Charles Darwin University to AusAID under contract agreement NO. 52294" Timor-Leste Duttaphrynus melanostictus MN material assets chicken farming low "There is no direct observational evidence to support the assessment, e.g. only inferred data have been used as supporting evidence; - unsupported reports" "Impacts to agriculture are poorly known – livestock such as buffalo, cattle, pigs, goats and chickens do not appear to be affected by toads. Recently hatched chickens (chicks) do die after ingesting toad toxin typically from roadkilled toads." "Trainor CR (2009) Survey of a population of black-spines toad Bufo melanosticus in Timor-Leste: confirming identity, distribution, abundance and impacts of an invasive and toxic toad. A Report by Charles Darwin University to AusAID under contract agreement NO. 52294" Timor-Leste Duttaphrynus melanostictus MN "health, pollution" multiple low "There is no direct observational evidence to support the assessment, e.g. only inferred data have been used as supporting evidence; - unsupported reports" "It is also a nuisance because toads can enter wells, drown and rot, potentially polluting important water sources. Road-killed toads which rot and smell will also be a nuisance particularly during the wet season." "Trainor CR (2009) Survey of a population of black-spines toad Bufo melanosticus in Timor-Leste: confirming identity, distribution, abundance and impacts of an invasive and toxic toad. A Report by Charles Darwin University to AusAID under contract agreement NO. 52294" Timor-Leste Duttaphrynus melanostictus DD health health medium "Impacts are recorded at a spatial scale which may not be relevant to the scale over which social communities in the region of interest can be characterized, but extrapolation or downscaling of the data to relevant scales is considered reliable, or to embrace little uncertainty; - direct observations, but not systematically at the relevant scale; report from native range" "confirms toxicity of Bufo melanostictus: We describe two patients who developed severe illness after eating the skin and eggs of a toad, probably Bufo melanostictus Schneider, in southeastern Laos. One boy died, and one developed a digoxin toxicity–like syndrome with bradycardia and heart failure but survived. A telephone survey of 16 Lao provincial hospitals suggested that toad poisoning occurs in at least six provinces. That 93% of villagers in three villages in southeastern Laos were aware that toads are poisonous but that 51% had encountered patients with toad toxicity suggests that the potential gravity is not appreciated. These data indicate that toad poisoning may be underestimated and that education on the seriousness of toad toxins could be a useful public health measure." "Keomany S, Mayxay M, Souvannasing P, Vilayhong C, Stuart BL, Srour L and Newton PN (2007) Toad poisoning in Laos. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 77(5):.850–853" native range (Laos) Eleutherodactylus coqui MN "material assets, health" property market high There is direct relevant observational evidence to support the assessment; - quantitative study "The primary economic effect of the frog is noise pollution. The males’ calls, which are individually between 80-90 dBA at 0.5 m, now extend from an hour before sunset until dawn. The Hawaii Department of Health sets the threshold for minimizing impacts to human health and welfare at only 70 dBA (Department of Health, Hawaii Revised Statutes Section 324F-1).... The presence of frogs, however, does have a significant negative impact on property values. For properties within 500 meters of a complaint, property values decline 0.16%, or about 1/3 as much as values decline from a 1% increase in mortgage rates (-0.45%). For properties within 800m but not within 500 meters, property values decline less severely, at 0.12%. This is about ¼ of the drop from a 1% increase in mortgage rates." Kaiser BA & Burnett K (2006) Economic impacts of E. coqui frogs in Hawaii. Interdisciplinary Environmental Review 8 Hawaii Eleutherodactylus coqui MN material assets nursery industry medium "There is some direct observational evidence to support the assessment, but some information is inferred; - infered from study" "A secondary economic effect with concentrated impacts on one important Hawaiian industry comes from losses to the nursery industry. The suspected entrance vector for the frog to Hawaii is in plant media transported in the nursery trade; regardless, many nurseries have frogs present now. Demand for frog-free certification is increasing among both local and off-island customers. Informal surveys of island nurseries indicate both that sales revenues are declining and costs are rising as nurseries try to accommodate the frog’s presence....Protecting these open field nurseries from frog infestation and re-infestation thus is expected to be quite costly....Since agricultural lands are also included in the data, we consider the lower property values in the presence of frogs to reflect expected losses in profitability for floriculture and nursery products. With annual sales values of $50.5 million in these commodities, a loss of 0.16% per annum results in another $81,000 in losses per year for the county." Kaiser BA & Burnett K (2006) Economic impacts of E. coqui frogs in Hawaii. Interdisciplinary Environmental Review 9 Hawaii Eleutherodactylus planirostris MN material assets nursery trade low "Impacts are recorded at a spatial scale which is unlikely to be relevant to the scale over which social communities in the region of interest can be characterized, and extrapolation or downscaling of the data to relevant scales is considered unreliable or to embrace significant uncertainties. - impact not proven, but legal requirement" "The greatest direct economic impacts of the invasions are to the nursery trade, which must treat infested shipments." "Olson CA, Beard KH, Pitt WC (2012) Biology and Impacts of Pacific Island Invasive Species. 8. Eleutherodactylus planirostris, the Greenhouse Frog (Anura: Eleutherodactylidae)"" (2012). USDA National Wildlife Research Center - Staff Publications. Paper 1174" Hawaii Eleutherodactylus planirostris MN social and cultural relationships swimming in artificial swimming pools low "There is no direct observational evidence to support the assessment, e.g. only inferred data have been used as supporting evidence; - assumption, unpubl. data" "In addition to economic impacts to agricultural industries, several resorts in Hawai‘i have attempted to manage greenhouse frogs because they are found in swimming pools and irrigation boxes; large populations may similarly affect homeowners ( W.C.P., unpubl. data). " "Olson CA, Beard KH, Pitt WC (2012) Biology and Impacts of Pacific Island Invasive Species. 8. Eleutherodactylus planirostris, the Greenhouse Frog (Anura: Eleutherodactylidae)"" (2012). USDA National Wildlife Research Center - Staff Publications. Paper 1175" Hawaii Hyla meridionalis MC social relations? noise disturbance not defined low "The information sources are considered to be of low quality or contain information that is unreliable. - subjective impression of noise pollution; true impact could be higher, but nothing more is described" """elle parait manquer sur Port-Gros, car je n' ai pu entendre son cri, la nuit, a l' endroit le plus propice de l'ile alors que sur le littoral, a la meme epoque, ces animaux faisaient un vacarme assourdissant (deafening noise). »" Cheylan M (1983) Status actuel des reptiles et amphibiens de l'archipel des iles d'hyeres "Îles d’Hyères, France" Osteopilus septentrionalis MN social and cultural relationships "multiple, aesthetics" low "Impacts are recorded at a spatial scale which is unlikely to be relevant to the scale over which social communities in the region of interest can be characterized, and extrapolation or downscaling of the data to relevant scales is considered unreliable or to embrace significant uncertainties. - no data, just statements" "As they feed, they defecate on the windows and walls, and their fecal deposits can become unsightly over time, especially if there are a lot of frogs in the area. " "Johnson SA (2007) The Cuban treefrog (Osteopilus septentrionalis) in Florida. This document is WEC218, one of a series of the Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, UF/IFAS Extension. First published May 2007. Revised August 2010. Revised September 2013. Please visit the EDIS website at http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu." Florida Osteopilus septentrionalis MN safety multiple low "Impacts are recorded at a spatial scale which is unlikely to be relevant to the scale over which social communities in the region of interest can be characterized, and extrapolation or downscaling of the data to relevant scales is considered unreliable or to embrace significant uncertainties. - no data, just statements" "Furthermore, when a person enters or exits his or her home at night, Cuban Treefrogs that are waiting for an insect meal may be startled and as a result will occasionally jump onto people or into their homes through open doors. This can be a scary experience for a person who is afraid of frogs. There are numerous instances where unsuspecting people have opened the lid to their toilet only to find a bug-eyed Cuban Treefrog staring up at them (Figure 5). " "Johnson SA (2007) The Cuban treefrog (Osteopilus septentrionalis) in Florida. This document is WEC218, one of a series of the Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, UF/IFAS Extension. First published May 2007. Revised August 2010. Revised September 2013. Please visit the EDIS website at http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu." Florida Osteopilus septentrionalis MN material assets multiple low "Impacts are recorded at a spatial scale which is unlikely to be relevant to the scale over which social communities in the region of interest can be characterized, and extrapolation or downscaling of the data to relevant scales is considered unreliable or to embrace significant uncertainties. - no data, just statements" Cuban Treefrogs have also been responsible for clogging sink drains. "Johnson SA (2007) The Cuban treefrog (Osteopilus septentrionalis) in Florida. This document is WEC218, one of a series of the Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, UF/IFAS Extension. First published May 2007. Revised August 2010. Revised September 2013. Please visit the EDIS website at http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu." Florida Osteopilus septentrionalis MN social and cultural relationships wildlife enthusiasm low "Impacts are recorded at a spatial scale which is unlikely to be relevant to the scale over which social communities in the region of interest can be characterized, and extrapolation or downscaling of the data to relevant scales is considered unreliable or to embrace significant uncertainties. - no data, just statements" "Cuban Treefrogs may also be a nuisance to wildlife enthusiasts that set up nesting boxes to attract and benefit birds. Because Cuban Treefrogs prefer enclosed hiding spaces, they readily enter nest boxes erected for birds. Birds may be dissuaded from using nest boxes when they are invaded by Cuban Treefrogs (Figure 6), but research is needed to study how the presence of the invasive frogs affects bird use of nest boxes." "Johnson SA (2007) The Cuban treefrog (Osteopilus septentrionalis) in Florida. This document is WEC218, one of a series of the Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, UF/IFAS Extension. First published May 2007. Revised August 2010. Revised September 2013. Please visit the EDIS website at http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu." Florida Osteopilus septentrionalis MN health feeling well low "Impacts are recorded at a spatial scale which is unlikely to be relevant to the scale over which social communities in the region of interest can be characterized, and extrapolation or downscaling of the data to relevant scales is considered unreliable or to embrace significant uncertainties. - no data, just statements" "Although they are not nearly as toxic as Cane Toads (also known as the invasive Bufo toad), Cuban Treefrogs have a sticky skin secretion that is extremely irritating to the mucous membranes of people, such as the eyes and nose. The secretions cause a burning and itching sensation that can last for more than an hour. This can be especially problematic for people who suffer from asthma or allergies, in which case full recovery from the ill effects of the frog’s skin secretions may take several hours." "Johnson SA (2007) The Cuban treefrog (Osteopilus septentrionalis) in Florida. This document is WEC218, one of a series of the Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, UF/IFAS Extension. First published May 2007. Revised August 2010. Revised September 2013. Please visit the EDIS website at http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu." Florida Osteopilus septentrionalis MN social relations? noise disturbance pet keeping low "Impacts are recorded at a spatial scale which is unlikely to be relevant to the scale over which social communities in the region of interest can be characterized, and extrapolation or downscaling of the data to relevant scales is considered unreliable or to embrace significant uncertainties. - no data, just statements" "There do not appear to be any documented deaths or serious injuries of pets from ingesting or attempting to eat a Cuban Treefrog. However, there are reports of excessive salivation and even seizures by pets that have tangled with these noxious frogs, so dogs and cats should be kept away from them." "Johnson SA (2007) The Cuban treefrog (Osteopilus septentrionalis) in Florida. This document is WEC218, one of a series of the Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, UF/IFAS Extension. First published May 2007. Revised August 2010. Revised September 2013. Please visit the EDIS website at http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu." Florida Osteopilus septentrionalis MN material assets being connected to power low "Impacts are recorded at a spatial scale which is unlikely to be relevant to the scale over which social communities in the region of interest can be characterized, and extrapolation or downscaling of the data to relevant scales is considered unreliable or to embrace significant uncertainties. - no data, just statements" "Nonetheless, they are known to get into transformer boxes and electrical switches and occasionally cause short-circuits. This increases maintenance costs for electrical utility companies, and power to some customers in central Florida has been interrupted as a result of shortcircuits in disconnect switches caused by Cuban Treefrogs." "Johnson SA (2007) The Cuban treefrog (Osteopilus septentrionalis) in Florida. This document is WEC218, one of a series of the Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, UF/IFAS Extension. First published May 2007. Revised August 2010. Revised September 2013. Please visit the EDIS website at http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu." Florida Xenopus leavis DD material assets fish culturing medium "There is some direct observational evidence to support the assessment, but some information is inferred; - relies on other reports, impacts recorded from the native range" "The importance of this species as a predator of fish fry and fingerlings and therefore as a threat to fish culture has not only been observed in recent investigations in Transkei (Nakani, 1979; Schocnbee et al. 1979) but also by other investigators in Africa (Ldey, 1890; Hey, 1945; FAO/EPTA Fish Culturist, 1956; Jubb, 1980)." "Prinsloo JF, Schoonbee HJ & Nxiweni JG (1981) Some observations on biological and other control measures of the African clawed frog Xenopus leavis (Daudin) (Pipidae, Amphibia) in fish ponds in Transkei. Water SA 7: 88-96" native range (Triturus) Lissotriton montandoni DD (Triturus) Lissotriton vulgaris DD Alytes obstetricans DD Ambystoma (tremblayi) laterale DD Ambystoma tigrinum DD Amietophrynus gutturalis DD Amietophrynus regularis DD Anaxyrus americanus DD Aneides vagrans DD Bombina bombina DD Bombina orientalis DD Bombina variegata DD Bufo bufo DD Bufo gargarizans DD Bufo japonicus DD Bufo jimi DD Bufo mauritanicus DD Dendrobates auratus DD Desmognathus fuscus DD Desmognathus quadramaculatus DD Discoglossus pictus DD Duttaphrynus dhufarensis DD Eleutherodactylus antillensis DD Eleutherodactylus cystignathoides DD Eleutherodactylus johnstonei DD Eleutherodactylus martinicensis DD Euphlyctis ehrenbergii DD Eurycea cirrigera DD Fejervarya cancrivora DD Fejervarya kawamurai DD Fejervarya limnocharis DD Fejervarya sakishimensis DD Gastrophryne carolinensis DD Glandirana rugosa DD Hoplobatrachus rugulosus (syn. chinensis) DD Hoplobatrachus tigerinus DD Hyla cinerea DD Hyla intermedia DD Hyla japonica DD Hyla squirella DD Hylarana guentheri DD Ichthyosaura alpestris DD Ingerophrynus biporcatus DD Kaloula pulchra DD Limnodynastes dorsalis DD Limnodynastes tasmaniensis DD Lithobates berlandieri DD Lithobates catesbeianus DD Lithobates clamitans DD Lithobates grylio DD Lithobates pipiens DD Lithobates septentrionalis DD Lithobates sphenocephala DD Litoria aurea DD Litoria cyclorhyncha DD Litoria ewingii DD Litoria fallax DD Litoria raniformis DD Microhyla ornata DD Microhyla pulchra DD Necturus maculosus DD Osteopilus septentrionalis DD Pelophylax bedriagae DD Pelophylax bergeri DD Pelophylax lessonae DD Pelophylax nigromaculatus DD Pelophylax perezi DD Pelophylax porosus DD Pelophylax ridibundus DD Pelophylax saharicus DD Physalaemus pustulosus DD Pipa carvalhoi DD Pipa parva DD Plethodon cinereus DD Plethodon jordani DD Plethodon shenandoah DD Pleurodema brachyops DD Polypedates leucomystax DD Polypedates megacephalus DD Pristimantis unistrigatus DD Proteus anguinus DD Pseudacris regilla DD Ptychadena mascareniensis DD Rana aurora DD Rana draytonii DD Rana sylvatica DD Rana temporaria DD Rhacophorus arboreus DD Rhacophorus viridis DD Scinax quinquefasciatus DD Scinax ruber DD Scinax x-signatus DD Speleomantes ambrosii DD Speleomantes italicus DD Speleomantes strinatii DD Strongylopus grayii DD Triturus carnifex DD Triturus marmoratus DD