<oai_dc:dc xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:oai_dc="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc/" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc/ http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc.xsd">
  <dc:creator>El-Zawawy, Nessma A.</dc:creator>
  <dc:creator>El-Shenody, Rania A.</dc:creator>
  <dc:creator>Ali, Sameh S.</dc:creator>
  <dc:creator>El-Shetehy, Mohamed</dc:creator>
  <dc:date>2020-06-09</dc:date>
  <dc:description xmlns:ns0="xml" ns0:lang="en">Biofilm formation and hyphal growth are considered to be the most serious virulence  factors of Candida species in blood causing candidemia infections, which are difficult  to treat due to the spread of resistant Candida isolates to most antifungal drugs.  Therefore, in this study, we investigated the effect of different types and  concentrations of selected macroalgal extracts from Cladostephus spongiosus  (Phaeophyta), Laurencia papillosa (Rhodophyta), and Codium arabicum  (Chlorophyta) in inhibiting those virulence factors of the isolated Candida. Acetone  extract of C. spongiosus (AECS) showed a stronger anticandidal activity against the  selected strains than ethanol extract. Candida krusei was the highest biofilm producer  among the selected isolates. AECS showed an inhibition of C. krusei biofilm formation  as well as a reduction in the viability of preformed biofilms. Also, AECS reduced  various sugars in the candidal exo-polysaccaride layer (EPS). Scanning electron  microscopy (SEM) and light microscopic images revealed an absence of hyphae and  an alteration in the morphology of biofilm cells when treated with AECS. Moreover,  AECS downregulated the expression of hyphal specific genes, hyphal wall protein 1  (HWP1), Agglutinin-like protein 1 (ALS1) and fourth secreted aspartyl proteinase  (SAP4), which confirmed the inhibitory effect of AECS on hyphal growth and biofilm  formation. Gas chromatography-mass spectrophotometer (GC-MS) analysis of AECS  showed three major compounds, which were non-existent in the ethanol extract, and  might be responsible for the anticandidal activity; these revealed compounds were 4- hydroxy-4-methyl-2-pentanone, n-hexadecenoic acid, and phenol, 2-methoxy-4-(2- propenyl). These active compounds of AECS may be promising for future  pharmaceutical applications in the treatment of candidemia.</dc:description>
  <dc:format>application/pdf</dc:format>
  <dc:identifier>https://folia.unifr.ch/global/documents/308721</dc:identifier>
  <dc:identifier>https://folia.unifr.ch/documents/308721/files/she_iem.pdf</dc:identifier>
  <dc:identifier>https://folia.unifr.ch/documents/308721/files/she_iem_sm.pdf</dc:identifier>
  <dc:language>eng</dc:language>
  <dc:relation>info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/doi/10.1038/s41598-020-66000-1</dc:relation>
  <dc:rights>info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess</dc:rights>
  <dc:rights>License undefined</dc:rights>
  <dc:source>Scientific Reports. - 2020, vol. 10, no. 1, p. 9339</dc:source>
  <dc:subject>info:eu-repo/classification/udc/57</dc:subject>
  <dc:title xmlns:ns1="xml" ns1:lang="en">A novel study on the inhibitory effect of marine macroalgal extracts on hyphal growth and biofilm formation of candidemia isolates</dc:title>
  <dc:type>http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501</dc:type>
</oai_dc:dc>