<oai_dc:dc xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:oai_dc="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc/" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc/ http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc.xsd">
  <dc:creator>Dätwyler, Christoph</dc:creator>
  <dc:creator>Grosjean, Martin</dc:creator>
  <dc:creator>Steiger, Nathan J.</dc:creator>
  <dc:creator>Neukom, Raphael</dc:creator>
  <dc:date>2020-04-22</dc:date>
  <dc:description xmlns:ns0="xml" ns0:lang="en">The climate of the Southern Hemisphere (SH) is strongly influenced by  variations in the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the Southern  Annular Mode (SAM). Because of the limited length of instrumental records in  most parts of the SH, very little is known about the relationship between these  two key modes of variability over time. Using proxy-based reconstructions and  last-millennium climate model simulations, we find that ENSO and SAM indices  are mostly negatively correlated over the past millennium. Pseudo-proxy  experiments indicate that currently available proxy records are able to reliably  capture ENSO–SAM relationships back to at least 1600CE. Palaeoclimate  reconstructions show mostly negative correlations back to about 1400CE. An  ensemble of last-millennium climate model simulations confirms this negative  correlation, showing a stable correlation of approximately −0.3. Despite this  generally negative relationship we do find intermittent periods of positive  ENSO–SAM correlations in individual model simulations and in the  palaeoclimate reconstructions. We do not find evidence that these relationship  fluctuations are caused by exogenous forcing nor by a consistent climate  pattern. However, we do find evidence that strong negative correlations are  associated with strong positive (negative) anomalies in the Interdecadal Pacific  Oscillation and the Amundsen Sea Low during periods when SAM and ENSO  indices are of opposite (equal) sign.</dc:description>
  <dc:format>application/pdf</dc:format>
  <dc:identifier>https://folia.unifr.ch/global/documents/308506</dc:identifier>
  <dc:identifier>https://folia.unifr.ch/documents/308506/files/neu_trb.pdf</dc:identifier>
  <dc:identifier>https://folia.unifr.ch/documents/308506/files/neu_trb_sm.pdf</dc:identifier>
  <dc:language>eng</dc:language>
  <dc:relation>info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/doi/10.5194/cp-16-743-2020</dc:relation>
  <dc:rights>info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess</dc:rights>
  <dc:rights>License undefined</dc:rights>
  <dc:source>Climate of the Past. - 2020, vol. 16, no. 2, p. 743–756</dc:source>
  <dc:subject>info:eu-repo/classification/udc/551</dc:subject>
  <dc:title xmlns:ns1="xml" ns1:lang="en">Teleconnections and relationship between the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the Southern Annular Mode (SAM) in reconstructions and models over the past millennium</dc:title>
  <dc:type>http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501</dc:type>
</oai_dc:dc>