<oai_dc:dc xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:oai_dc="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc/" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc/ http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc.xsd">
  <dc:creator>Zimmermann, Petra</dc:creator>
  <dc:creator>Ziesenitz, Victoria C.</dc:creator>
  <dc:creator>Curtis, Nigel</dc:creator>
  <dc:creator>Ritz, Nicole</dc:creator>
  <dc:date>2018</dc:date>
  <dc:description xmlns:ns0="xml" ns0:lang="en">The mechanisms underlying the non-antimicrobial immunomodulatory properties of  macrolides are not well understood.Objectives: To systematically review the evidence  for the immunomodulatory properties of macrolides in humans and to describe the  underlying mechanism and extent of their influence on the innate and adaptive  immune system.Methods: A systematic literature search was done in MEDLINE using  the OVID interface from 1946 to December 2016 according to the preferred reporting  items for systematic reviews and meta-analysis (PRISMA). Original articles  investigating the influence of four macrolides (azithromycin, clarithromycin,  erythromycin, and roxithromycin) on immunological markers in humans were  included.Results: We identified 22 randomized, controlled trials, 16 prospective cohort  studies, and 8 case–control studies investigating 47 different immunological markers  (186 measurements) in 1,834 participants. The most frequently reported outcomes  were a decrease in the number of neutrophils, and the concentrations of neutrophil  elastase, interleukin (IL)-8, IL-6, IL-1beta, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha,  eosinophilic cationic protein, and matrix metalloproteinase 9. Inhibition of neutrophil  function was reported more frequently than eosinophil function. A decrease in T  helper (Th) 2 cells cytokines (IL-4, IL-5, IL-6) was reported more frequently than a  decrease in Th1 cytokines (IL-2, INF-gamma).Conclusion: Macrolides influence a  broad range of immunological mechanisms resulting in immunomodulatory effects. To  optimize the treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases by macrolides, further studies  are necessary, particularly comparing different macrolides and dose effect  relationships.</dc:description>
  <dc:format>application/pdf</dc:format>
  <dc:identifier>https://folia.unifr.ch/global/documents/308428</dc:identifier>
  <dc:identifier>https://folia.unifr.ch/documents/308428/files/zim_iem.pdf</dc:identifier>
  <dc:language>eng</dc:language>
  <dc:relation>info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/doi/10.3389/fimmu.2018.00302</dc:relation>
  <dc:rights>info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess</dc:rights>
  <dc:rights>License undefined</dc:rights>
  <dc:source>Frontiers in Immunology. - 2018, vol. 9, p. 302</dc:source>
  <dc:subject>info:eu-repo/classification/udc/57</dc:subject>
  <dc:title xmlns:ns1="xml" ns1:lang="en">The immunomodulatory effects of macrolides - a systematic review of the underlying mechanisms</dc:title>
  <dc:type>http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501</dc:type>
</oai_dc:dc>