<oai_dc:dc xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:oai_dc="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc/" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc/ http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc.xsd">
  <dc:creator>Brown, Clive M.</dc:creator>
  <dc:creator>Dulloo, Abdul G.</dc:creator>
  <dc:creator>Montani, Jean-Pierre</dc:creator>
  <dc:date>2006-07-05</dc:date>
  <dc:description xmlns:ns0="xml" ns0:lang="en">&lt;b&gt;Context:&lt;/b&gt; A recent study reported that drinking 500 ml of water causes a 30% increase in metabolic rate. If verified, this previously unrecognized thermogenic property of water would have important implications for weight-loss programs. However, the concept of a thermogenic effect of water is controversial because other studies have found that water drinking does not increase energy expenditure. &lt;b&gt;Objective:&lt;/b&gt; The objective of the study was to test whether water drinking has a thermogenic effect in humans and, furthermore, determine whether the response is influenced by osmolality or by water temperature. &lt;b&gt;Design:&lt;/b&gt; This was a randomized, crossover design. &lt;b&gt;Setting:&lt;/b&gt; The study was conducted at a university physiology laboratory. &lt;b&gt;Participants:&lt;/b&gt; Participants included healthy young volunteer subjects. &lt;b&gt;Intervention:&lt;/b&gt; Intervention included drinking 7.5 ml/kg body weight (∼518 ml) of distilled water or 0.9% saline or 7% sucrose solution (positive control) on different days. In a subgroup of subjects, responses to cold water (3 C) were tested. &lt;b&gt;Main Outcome Measure:&lt;/b&gt; Resting energy expenditure, assessed by indirect calorimetry for 30 min before and 90 min after the drinks, was measured. &lt;b&gt;Results:&lt;/b&gt; Energy expenditure did not increase after drinking either distilled water (&lt;i&gt;P&lt;/i&gt; = 0.34) or 0.9% saline (&lt;i&gt;P&lt;/i&gt; = 0.33). Drinking the 7% sucrose solution significantly increased energy expenditure (&lt;i&gt;P&lt;/i&gt;&lt; 0.0001). Drinking water that had been cooled to 3 C caused a small increase in energy expenditure of 4.5% over 60 min (&lt;i&gt;P&lt;/i&gt;&lt; 0.01). &lt;b&gt;Conclusions:&lt;/b&gt; Drinking distilled water at room temperature did not increase energy expenditure. Cooling the water before drinking only stimulated a small thermogenic response, well below the theoretical energy cost of warming the water to body temperature. These results cast doubt on water as a thermogenic agent for the management of obesity.</dc:description>
  <dc:format>application/pdf</dc:format>
  <dc:identifier>https://folia.unifr.ch/unifr/documents/300248</dc:identifier>
  <dc:identifier>https://folia.unifr.ch/documents/300248/files/dullo_wit.pdf</dc:identifier>
  <dc:language>eng</dc:language>
  <dc:relation>info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/doi/10.1210/jc.2006-0407</dc:relation>
  <dc:rights>info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess</dc:rights>
  <dc:rights>License undefined</dc:rights>
  <dc:source>Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. - 2006, vol. 91, no. 9, p. 3598-3602</dc:source>
  <dc:subject>info:eu-repo/classification/udc/57</dc:subject>
  <dc:title xmlns:ns1="xml" ns1:lang="en">Water-induced thermogenesis reconsidered: the effects of osmolality and water temperature on energy expenditure after drinking</dc:title>
  <dc:type>http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501</dc:type>
</oai_dc:dc>